Glucose oxidase-based biosensor for glucose detection from biological fluids

Abstract

Purpose The present study aims to summarize different non-invasive techniques for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetic patients using glucose-oxidase biosensors. In diabetic patients, the self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels through minimally invasive techniques provides a quick method of measuring their BG concentration, unlike conventional laboratory measurements. The drawbacks of minimally invasive techniques include physical pain, anxiety and reduced patient compliance. To overcome these limitations, researchers shifted their attention towards the development of a pain-free and non-invasive glucose monitoring system, which showed encouraging results. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews the development of minimally and non-invasive method for continuous glucose level monitoring in diabetic or hyperglycemic patients. Specifically, glucose monitoring using non-invasive techniques, such as spectroscopy-based methods, polarimetry, fluorescence, electromagnetic variations, transdermal extraction-based methods and using body fluids, has been discussed. The various strategies adopted for improving the overall specificity and performance of biosensors are discussed. Findings In conclusion, the technology of glucose oxidase-based biosensors for glucose level monitoring is becoming a strong competitor, probably because of high specificity and selectivity, low cost and increased patient compliance. Many industries currently working in this field include Google, Novartis and Microsoft, which demonstrates the significance and strong market potential of self-monitored glucose-oxidase-based biosensors in the near future. Originality/value This review paper summarizes comprehensive strategies for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetic patients using non-invasive glucose-oxidase biosensors. Non-invasive techniques received significant research interest because of high sensitivity and better patient compliance, unlike invasive ones. Although the results from these innovative devices require frequent calibration against direct BG data, they might be a preferable candidate for future CGM. However, the challenges associated with designing accurate level sensors to biomonitor BG data easily and painlessly needs to be addressed.

Recent advances in flexible and wearable sensors for monitoring chemical molecules

“…Glucose, lactate, and uric acid are common physiological and chemical molecules in the human body which are directly related to some diseases. 77–80 Glucose is the main source of energy for cell activities. At the same time, the presence of too much glucose in the blood is the main cause of diabetes and its many complications.…”

Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing

“…It is expected that biosensors and hand-held bioassays will be cheaper that the standard instrumental methods, will be applicable without expensive measuring or sample-processing devices and will require neither elaborative sample or reagents processing nor demands on staff training or education. Currently, there are methods and biosensors available for the rapid detection of glucose and glycemia level determination, and these devices exert good analytical parameters, simplicity and low costs, and noninvasive methods for measuring glucose have even been developed [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Though the methods for measuring glucose are promising and many of them are currently available in the market, they have limitations in the interpretation of glucose level, as discussed in the previous chapter.…”

Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Waveguide Biosensor Based on Phase Singularity-Enhanced Goos–Hänchen Shift

“…The last decades have proven that the integration of low-cost biosensors in a variety of fields has become indispensable [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. They are generally capable of detecting various biological molecules [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], where molecular interactions can be monitored by optical or electronic signal change. Applications using biosensors include general health monitoring [ 9 ], critical disease review [ 10 ], disease analysis and diagnosis [ 11 ].…”