Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus)

Dühlmeier, R.; Deegen, E; Fuhrmann, Herbert; Widdel, Andrea; Sallmann, H.‐P.

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00295-1

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Two incretin hormones have been shown to exert insulinogenic ef fects in other species: GLP1 and glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). A previous study of horses confirmed the presence of an enteroinsular axis through the investigaiton of GIP, which is released from intestinal K cells (Duhlmeier et al, 2001). Higher glucosetoinsulin ratios were detected during an oral glucose tolerance test (associated with increased GIP concentrations) when compared with an equivalent in travenous glucose tolerance test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize1

Bamford

Baskerville

Harris³

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Science

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The enteroinsular axis is a complex system that includes the release of incretin hormones from the gut to promote the absorption and utilization of glucose after a meal. The insulinogenic effect of incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) remains poorly characterized in the horse. The aim of this study was to compare postprandial glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to twice-daily meals containing micronized maize. Four Standardbred horses, 4 mixed-breed ponies, and 4 Andalusian cross horses in moderate BCS (5.5 ± 0.2 out of 9) were fed meals at 0800 and 1600 h each day. The meals contained micronized maize (mixed with soaked soybean hulls and lucerne chaff), with the amount of maize gradually increased over 12 wk to reach a final quantity of 1.7 g/kg BW (1.1 g/kg BW starch) in each meal. Animals had ad libitum access to the same hay throughout. After 12 wk of acclimation, serial blood samples were collected from all animals over a 14-h period to measure concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1, with meals fed immediately after the 0 and 8 h samples. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) values were similar between breed groups (P = 0.41); however, ponies and Andalusian horses exhibited significantly higher insulin AUC values after both meals compared with Standardbred horses (both P < 0.005). Postprandial GLP-1 AUC values were also significantly higher in ponies and Andalusian horses compared with Standardbred horses (breed × time interaction; P < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between concentrations of insulin and GLP-1 over time (rs = 0.752; P < 0.001). The increased insulin concentrations in ponies and Andalusian horses may partly reflect lower insulin sensitivity but could also be attributed to increased GLP-1 release. Given that hyperinsulinemia is a recognized risk factor for the development of laminitis in domestic equids, this study provides evidence that the enteroinsular axis warrants further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize1

Bamford

Baskerville

Harris³

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Oral administration of glucose stimulates a greater insulin secretion than IV administration of glucose in ponies indicating that the gastrointestinal tract releases factors that augment glucose‐induced pancreatic insulin secretion. At least 3 hormonal factors, or incretins, are known to exist in the horse, namely gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP‐1, GLP‐2).…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome

Durham¹,

Frank

McGowan

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

172

227

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Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long‐term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.

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“…These incretin hormones are secreted from L and K cells, respectively, within the small intestine in response to ingestion of sugars, amino acids and fats, and the activity of both hormones is regulated through degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Both hormones have been identified in equine plasma after oral administration of glucose . Incretins stimulate pancreatic β cell insulin secretion and slow gastric emptying, thereby minimising postprandial hyperglycaemia.…”

Section: Hyperinsulinaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin dysregulation

Frank

Tadros

2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

175

174

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SummaryAbnormalities of insulin metabolism include hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, and these problems are collectively referred to as insulin dysregulation in this review. Insulin dysregulation is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome: a collection of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities associated with the development of laminitis in horses, ponies and donkeys. Insulin dysregulation can also accompany prematurity and systemic illness in foals. Causes of insulin resistance are discussed, including pathological conditions of obesity, systemic inflammation and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, as well as the physiological responses to stress and pregnancy. Most of the discussion of insulin dysregulation to date has focused on insulin resistance, but there is increasing interest in hyperinsulinaemia itself and insulin responses to feeding. An oral sugar test or in-feed oral glucose tolerance test can be performed to assess insulin responses to dietary carbohydrates, and these tests are now recommended for use in clinical practice. Incretin hormones are likely to play an important role in postprandial hyperinsulinaemia and are the subject of current research. Insulin resistance exacerbates hyperinsulinaemia, and insulin sensitivity can be measured by performing a combined glucose-insulin test or i.v. insulin tolerance test. In both of these tests, exogenous insulin is administered and the rate of glucose uptake into tissues measured. Diagnosis and management of hyperinsulinaemia is recommended to reduce the risk of laminitis. The term insulin dysregulation is introduced here to refer collectively to excessive insulin responses to sugars, fasting hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, which are all components of equine metabolic syndrome.

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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus)

Cited by 31 publications

References 28 publications

Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize1

Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize1

ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome

Insulin dysregulation

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