“…Up to now, many more catalysts, such as Lewis acid catalysts [37], boric acid [38], tantalum compounds [39], Sn-Mont catalyst [9], ion exchanged resins [40], bifunctional SO 4 2´/ ZrO 2 catalysts [41], ion exchanged zeolites [42,43], chromium(0) nanoparticles [44], ionic liquids (ILs) [45], and mesoporous tantalum phosphate [46] [23,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Integrating the Lewis acid properties of the metal for the isomerization of glucose to fructose, and the protons resulting from the metal hydrolysis as a Brønsted acid to catalyze the fructose dehydration reaction were commonly explored in most of the abovementioned literatures.…”