Glucose Biosensors: An Overview of Use in Clinical Practice

Abstract

Blood glucose monitoring has been established as a valuable tool in the management of diabetes. Since maintaining normal blood glucose levels is recommended, a series of suitable glucose biosensors have been developed. During the last 50 years, glucose biosensor technology including point-of-care devices, continuous glucose monitoring systems and noninvasive glucose monitoring systems has been significantly improved. However, there continues to be several challenges related to the achievement of accurate and reliable glucose monitoring. Further technical improvements in glucose biosensors, standardization of the analytical goals for their performance, and continuously assessing and training lay users are required. This article reviews the brief history, basic principles, analytical performance, and the present status of glucose biosensors in the clinical practice.

Sol-gel technology in enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for clinical analysis

“…Biomolecules like proteins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, cell components or even viable whole cells remain active in the porous network. Smaller species from the environment may diffuse within the matrix and interact with the entrapped biomolecules (Yoo & Lee, 2010). This method avoids problems such as covalent modification (strong binding which can affect residues involved in the catalytic site) or desorbtion (van der Waals, hydrogen or ionic binding).…”

“…Why glucose oxidase? More than 60% of research in biosensors is focused on this analyte and this enzyme (Newman & Turner, 2005;Yoo & Lee, 2010). Glucose/glucose oxidase system could be, no doubt, a case study.…”

Perspective potential of polymer-based biosensor chips in food industry and clinical diagnostics

“…For immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme, the polymer polypyrrole has been used in several biosensor designs [24,52]. Besides GOx, there are two more enzymes whose mechanism of action was decisive for development of different glucose biosensor setups: hexokinase and glucose-1-dehydrogenase (GDH) [53].…”

“…Mostly used mediators of that kind were thionine, methylene blue, methyl viologen, ferricyanide, quinines, and many others. The thirdgeneration glucose biosensors gave up from redox mediators and enabled direct electron transport between the enzyme and the electrode [53]. Biosensors can also be used for detection of some of the most important cancer biomarkers [54].…”

Development of Highly Sensitive Amperometric Biosensor for Glucose Using Carbon Nanosphere/Sodium Alginate Composite Matrix for Enzyme Immobilization

“…[1][2][3][4] In particular, the development of biosensors with rapidity of measurement and high sensitivity for glucose detection is important in biological and clinical fields, because glucose plays a crucial role in life processes and its concentration in blood is usually used as a clinical indicator of diabetes. 5,6 However, the challenge existing in biosensor fabrication is to provide a suitable microenvironment for the immobilized enzymes on the electrode surface that present the full functionality of the biomolecules over a long time. Therefore, it is critical to choose suitable materials as enzyme immobilization matrixes for the design of glucose biosensors with high analytical performance and long-term stabilization.…”