Glucose adsorption to chitosan membranes increases proliferation of human chondrocyte via mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 signaling

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is currently still an irreversible degenerative disease of the articular cartilage. Recent, dextrose (d-glucose) intraarticular injection prolotherapy for OA patients has been reported to benefit the chondrogenic stimulation of damaged cartilage. However, the detailed mechanism of glucose's effect on cartilage repair remains unclear. Chitosan, a naturally derived polysaccharide, has recently been investigated as a surgical or dental dressing to control breeding. Therefore, in this study, glucose was adsorbed to chitosan membranes (CTS-Glc), and the study aimed to investigate whether CTS-Glc complex membranes could regulate the proliferation of human OA chondrocytes and to explore the underlying mechanism. Human OA and SW1353 chondrocytes were used in this study. The experiments involving the transfection of cells used SW1353 chondrocytes. A specific inhibitor and siRNAs were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the CTS-Glc-regulated proliferation of human chondrocytes. We found that CTS-Glc significantly increased the proliferation of both human OA and SW1353 chondrocytes comparable to glucose- or chitosan-only stimulation. The role of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, including mTOR, raptor, and S6k proteins, has been demonstrated in the regulation of CTS-Glc-increased human chondrocyte proliferation. mTORC1 signaling increased the expression levels of maturated SREBP-1 and FASN and then induced the expressions of cell cycle regulators, that is, cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 and -6 in human chondrocytes. This study elucidates the detailed mechanism behind the effect of CTS-Glc complex membranes in promoting chondrocyte proliferation and proposes a possible clinical application of the CTS-Glc complex in the dextrose intraarticular injection of OA prolotherapy in the future to attenuate the pain and discomfort of OA patients.

Wnt16 attenuates osteoarthritis progression through a PCP/JNK-mTORC1-PTHrP cascade

“…Thus, the specific role of mTORC1 in OA was not directly shown by these studies. Indeed, mTORC1 protects cartilage and is also reported previously 30 31. An expanded prehypertrophic zone and hypertrophic zone with decreased hypertrophic markers in hyperactive mTORC1 mice was observed in the epiphysial plate 27 32.…”

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Preparation and characterization of surface-modified PLGA-polymeric nanoparticles used to target treatment of intestinal cancer

“…Currently, chitosan (CS) due to wide use in protein [12,13] and metal adsorption field [14] has received an increasing attention. CS and the surface modifications of NPs with CS offer various advantages: extended release drug delivery systems with mucoadhesive nature thus enhancing the drug absorption and prolongation of drug release [8], decreased burst release of drug due to CS coating as well as enhanced retention and permeation of NPs due to affinity between positively charged CS and negatively charged membrane [15,16].…”

Quantification and Evaluations of Catechin Hydrate Polymeric Nanoparticles Used in Brain Targeting for the Treatment of Epilepsy

“…PVA-NPs (polyvinyl alcohol NPs) are also used similarly because of the maximum permeability, better solubility, and increased compatibility of mixtures with excellent rheological properties on the various shapes and flexibility through many types of drug delivery [32]. Nowadays, chitosan exhibited a mucoadhesive nature, which attracted great attention in different fields like protein and metal adsorption [27,28,33]. Coating on the NPs' surface by chitosan (CS) has been shown to be useful in many applications like a sustained release of drug delivery, with mucoadhesive properties resulting in the enhancement of the drug absorption and prolonged release of drugs [28,34,35], decreasing the burst release of drugs because of the surface modification, and also enhancing the permeation and retention of NPs.…”

“…Likewise, the literature survey [33,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] reports different methods for sample analysis of fruit juices, green tea or tea extracts, and coffee or other plant extracts. Although, most of these research studies reported simultaneous development with other catechins at the same time, that is, no reports of plasma analysis are available for catechin individually.…”