Glucocorticoids and the Intestinal Environment

Ünsal, Hümeyra; Balkaya, Muharrem

doi:10.5772/51977

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…MUC‐2 is the main type of mucin that is produced in small and large intestine. Deterioration of goblet cells and mucus layer is expected in animals under stress (Ünsal & Balkaya, 2012). Similar to a previous study (Barekatain, Nattrass, et al, 2019), DEX downregulated MUC‐2 gene expression in jejunum of injected birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of selected genes encoding mechanistic pathways, nutrient and amino acid transporters in jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens fed a reduced protein diet supplemented with arginine, glutamine and glycine under stress stimulated by dexamethasone

Barekatain

Chrystal

Gilani

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Reducing crude protein and supplementation with synthetic amino acids in poultry nutrition is a recent trend to avoid wastage of protein and ammonia in production systems. Stress has been shown to impair intestinal barrier and increase inflammatory response. This study was performed on intestinal tissues of broiler chickens to understand the mechanism of stress induced by a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX) and the effect of supplementation of arginine, glutamine and glycine in reduced protein diets. Intestinal tissue samples from a previous study were utilized. Male Ross 308 chickens received a basal diet for the first seven days and then fed with crude protein that was reduced to 194 g/kg in grower experimental diets supplemented with glutamine, glycine and additional arginine at 10, 10 and 5 g/kg respectively. Half of the 96 individual birds were injected with DEX (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or saline on days 14, 16, 18 and 20 of age. mRNA expression for jejunum and ileum for amino acid transporters (y+LAT‐1, Bo,+AT, EAAT‐3 and CAT‐1), mechanistic genes (SGLT‐1, mTOR, IAP and FABP‐2) and pro‐inflammatory genes (MUC‐2, NF‐κB, iNOS, IL‐8 and IL‐1β) were analysed using real‐time PCR. The results showed that DEX decreased y+ LAT1 in jejunum, Bo,+AT and EAAT‐3 in ileum. Arginine increased CAT‐1 in the jejunum and ileum under DEX treatment. Through an interaction, DEX reduced IAP in jejunum of glycine and arginine supplemented group and reduced mTOR in jejunum independently. DEX reduced MUC‐2 and iNOS in jejunum and increased iNOS and IL8 in the ileum. Amino acid supplementation did not appear to ameliorate these effects; however, there were some positive effects of glycine on NF‐κB and arginine through increased CAT‐1. Mechanistic understanding of amino acid supplementation in broiler diets warrants further research particularly when dietary protein is reduced below the level tested in the present study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of selected genes encoding mechanistic pathways, nutrient and amino acid transporters in jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens fed a reduced protein diet supplemented with arginine, glutamine and glycine under stress stimulated by dexamethasone

Barekatain

Chrystal

Gilani

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…Once the connection between skin and the gut is appreciated, AD, and indeed any other ‘skin disease’, may be seen as a possible manifestation of a more systemic problem involving gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, which may occur even in the absence of gastrointestinal signs. Conventional anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial therapies for skin disorders provide only temporary symptomatic relief and may potentiate associated or underlying factors such as intestinal permeability (Ünsal & Balkaya ) and dysbiosis as well as promoting the development of antibiotic‐resistant microbes (Fujimura et al . ).…”

Section: Diet Microbiota and Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs

Craig

2016

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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The prevalence of human and canine allergic diseases is commonly perceived to be increasing. Suggested predisposing factors in people and dogs include increased allergen load, increased exposure to pollutants, reduced family size, reduced microbial load and less exposure to infection at a young age, increasingly urbanised environment, and changes in dietary habits. Genetic make‐up may provide a template for phenotypic predisposition which is strongly influenced by our diet and environment leading to constant regulation of gene expression. One way in which diet can alter gene expression is via its effects on the gut flora or microbiota, the collection of microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The resident microbiota is important in maintaining structural and functional integrity of the gut and in immune system regulation. It is an important driver of host immunity, helps protect against invading enteropathogens, and provides nutritional benefits to the host. Disruption of the microbiota (dysbiosis) may lead to severe health problems, both in the gastrointestinal tract and extra‐intestinal organ systems. The precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota exerts its effects are only beginning to be unravelled but research is demonstrating close links between gut microflora and many factors involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD and indeed any other ‘skin disease’, may be seen as a possible manifestation of a more systemic problem involving gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, which may occur even in the absence of gastrointestinal signs. Manipulation of the canine intestinal microbiota as a method for modifying atopy, may be attempted in many ways including avoidance of certain foods, supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, optimising nutrient intake, minimising stress, antimicrobial therapy, correction and prevention of low stomach acid, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

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“…Besides their immunosuppressive properties, glucocorticoids also act as stress responses mediators [ 103 , 104 ]. The GIT and the immune system are particularly responsive to different stressors, having several cellular targets for stress mediators [ 104 ]. In fact, stress is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases and glucocorticoids therapy is used in the treatment of most of them [ 104 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Opportunities For Covid-19 With Impact On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GIT and the immune system are particularly responsive to different stressors, having several cellular targets for stress mediators [ 104 ]. In fact, stress is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases and glucocorticoids therapy is used in the treatment of most of them [ 104 ]. Glucocorticoids influence important gut physiological functions, including mucosal integrity, intestinal permeability, and microbiota, as well as its interactions with the host [ 103 , 104 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Opportunities For Covid-19 With Impact On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, stress is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases and glucocorticoids therapy is used in the treatment of most of them [ 104 ]. Glucocorticoids influence important gut physiological functions, including mucosal integrity, intestinal permeability, and microbiota, as well as its interactions with the host [ 103 , 104 ]. It is now recognized that glucocorticoids might significantly affect the expression and function of mucin, the main constituent of the mucosal layer that conceals the intestinal epithelium [ 103 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Opportunities For Covid-19 With Impact On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis–Immune Hyperresponse–Inflammation Triad in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact of Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Approaches

2020

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infection caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients present a complex clinical picture that, in severe cases, evolves to respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurological complications, and eventually death. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and multifactorial and have been summarized as a hyperresponse of the immune system that originates an inflammatory/cytokine storm. In elderly patients, particularly in those with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and pulmonary disorders, the disease is particularly severe, causing prolonged hospitalization at intensive care units (ICU) and an increased mortality rate. Curiously, the same populations have been described as more prone to a gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis profile. Intestinal microflora plays a major role in many metabolic and immune functions of the host, including to educate and strengthen the immune system to fight infections, namely of viral origin. Notably, recent studies suggest the existence of GM dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. This review article highlights the interplay between the triad GM dysbiosis–immune hyperresponse–inflammation in the individual resilience/fragility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and presents the putative impact of pharmacological and nutraceutical approaches on the triumvirate, with focus on GM.

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Glucocorticoids and the Intestinal Environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 245 publications

Expression of selected genes encoding mechanistic pathways, nutrient and amino acid transporters in jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens fed a reduced protein diet supplemented with arginine, glutamine and glycine under stress stimulated by dexamethasone

Expression of selected genes encoding mechanistic pathways, nutrient and amino acid transporters in jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens fed a reduced protein diet supplemented with arginine, glutamine and glycine under stress stimulated by dexamethasone

Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis–Immune Hyperresponse–Inflammation Triad in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact of Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Approaches

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