Glucagon Enhancement of Cholangiography

Consequences of routine peroperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy for gallstone disease: A prospective, randomized study

“…The frequency of false-positive PC reported in the literature varies from 0.4% [1] to 6.5% [24] and, to a considerable degree, depends on technique and equipment. The accuracy of PC may be increased by the use of optimal x-ray equipment, preferably with fluoroscopy and serial film facilities [1], controlled contrast flow and injection pressure [39], and other technical refinements for use in special cases [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Such improvements may also significantly reduce the proportion of false-negative cholangiograms reported in up to 2.1% [14], and may reduce the number of nondiagnostic investigations.…”

Operative Cholangiography — Techniques and Inadequacies

“…However it must be noted that Group C could be easily identified from the absence of the radio-opaque cannula. The three cholangiograms were scored according to a modification of a method described by Tabak et al in 1983 (Table 1). The final score was calculated from the maximum score obtained from the three radiographs.…”

“…Many methods for cholangiography exist, but introduction of contrast media into the biliary system is usually achieved by cannulation of the cystic duct or direct injection into the common bile duct. Several attempts have been made to improve duct visualization, and recently Tabak et al (1983) used intravenous glucagon prior to injection of contrast. With this technique they demonstrated a significant increase in definition of biliary anatomy, perhaps as a result of a decreased resistance to bile flow (Dyck & Janowitz 1971).…”