“…Since that time, many different feeding paradigms have shown that circadian gene expression in peripheral tissues is altered when the type or timing of food intake is manipulated (Vollmers et al 2009, Mukherji et al 2015. The circadian clock within several peripheral tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, is sensitive to hormonal signals and glucose levels (Saini et al 2013, Dyar et al 2014, Perelis et al 2015, Schibler et al 2015, Harfmann et al 2016, Ikeda et al 2018, Crosby et al 2019, providing mechanisms through which food entrainment could occur. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that, at least in the liver, the cell-autonomous circadian clock also depends on light synchronization and that food intake per se has large effects on transcription independent of effects on circadian gene expression (Atger et al 2015, Koronowski et al 2019.…”