GLOF Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan

Rehman, Gohar

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55369-4_12

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Numerous landslide scars can be seen on the valley walls along with mass movement deposits commonly found on the valley floors and the lower part of the valley walls (Figure 1). The old landslide deposits and associated layers of very fine-grained late sediment of variable thickness in an otherwise steep gradient channel point towards the frequent damming of the Hunza River valley in the past [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lake formed because of the landslide and was sustained for six months [3]. The landslide dam was ultimately breached, causing a catastrophic flood that damaged substantial life and property along a >400 km long valley [9]. In 1992 (7-9 September), intense rainfall triggered the slope collapse at Sarat village, which affected the Karakoram Highway (KKH) and deposited enormous volumes of boulders several meters in diameter downstream [3,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan

et al. 2020

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From a geological standpoint, northern Pakistan is one of the most active and unstable areas in the world. As a consequence, many massive landslides have occurred in the area in historical times that have destroyed infrastructure, blocked the Hunza River, and damaged the Karakoram Highway repeatedly. However, despite the high frequency of large magnitude landslide events, and the consequent damages, the entire area is largely understudied, mainly due to the difficult logistics and the large distances involved. This work is aimed at applying the potential use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for landslide identification and investigation for the Hunza-Nagar Region. Sentinel-1 images covering a period of more than two years (February 2017–August 2019) were used and processed by adopting the small baseline subset (SBAS) method. The obtained deformation rate measured along the line of sight (VLOS) varies from −114 to 20 mm/year. The downslope velocity deformation rates (Vslope) range from 0 to −300 mm/year. The Vslope stability threshold for our study area was calculated to be −14 mm/year from the Vslope standard deviation. Four active landslides with Vslope exceeding 14 mm/year were recognizable and have been confirmed by field inspection. The identified landslides listed from the most active to least active are the Humarri, Mayoon, Khai, and Ghulmet landslides, respectively. VLOS exceeding 114 mm/year was observed in the Humarri landslide, which posed a threat of damming a lake on the Hispar River and was also a risk to the Humarri Village located below the landslide. The maximum mean deformation detected in the Ghulmet, and Mayoon landslide was in the order of 30 mm/year and 20 mm/year, respectively. More importantly, it was found that in places, the slope deformation time series showed a patchy correlation with precipitation and seismic events in the area. This may indicate a complex, and possibly uncoupled, relationship between the two controlling agents promoting the deformation. However, the collective impact of the two factors is evident in the form of a continuously descending deformation curve and clearly indicates the ground distortion. The results indicate a potentially critical situation related to the high deformation rates measured at the Humarri landslide. On this specific slope, conditions leading to a possible catastrophic failure cannot be ruled out and should be a priority for the application of mitigation measures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…Globally, more than 800 million hectares of land which accounts for 20% of the irrigated land is affected by salts to varying degree (Shrivastava and Kumar, 2015) that hinders sustainable food production. In Pakistan, more than 6.28 million hectares are affected by salinity and sodicity which restricts the development of agriculture and food security (Rehman et al, 2015). The excessive concentration of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl -) ions in soil creates osmotic imbalance in plant cells which results in osmotic stress, nutrient deficiency, ion injury and oxidative impairment, subsequently causing complete or partial failure of plant growth and development (Alvarez et al, 2012;Ashraf et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing sulfur for improving salt tolerance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Aziz¹,

Ashraf²,

Sikandar³

et al. 2019

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Soil salinization limit crop yield and deteriorate product quality in arid and semi-arid agroecological regions. Under such conditions regulation of mineral nutrients may help to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to identify optimal sulfur level and source for enhancing salt adaptability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A uniform salinity level of 100 mM NaCl was developed in each pot and then six S treatments viz. S0, control; S1, 20 mg sulfur kg-1 soil; S2, 40 mg sulfur kg-1 soil; S3, 60 mg sulfur kg-1 soil; S4, 80 mg sulfur kg-1 soil and S5, 100 mg sulfur kg-1 soil were applied by using elemental S and K2SO4 as sulfur source. Supplementation of sulfur caused reduction in tissue Na + accumulation and electrolyte leakage while increase in tissue K + and Ca 2+ with a subsequent increase in relative water content and photosynthetic rate of sunflower. Increasing sulfur levels in the form of K2SO4 depicted linear increase in plant growth and yield attributes up to 80 mg sulfur kg-1 soil beyond which there was decline in these growth characteristics suggesting that sulfur as K2SO4 at 80 mg sulfur kg-1 soil might be optimum in mitigating NaCl toxicity in sunflower.

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“…The water is poured by two glaciers at a height of 14000 feet from sea level, collectively Political / Power Structure and Vulnerability to Natural ……………………… Ishaq & Leghari __________________________________________________________________________________ known as Reshum glaciers are on the back of the stream. The fragile nature of glaciers and its relatively higher elevation in comparison to the village makes it very dangerous for the people of the village (Hamid, 2013;Rehman, 2015). Data shows that the frequency and intensity of flash floods increased many folds in recent decades as compared to the past.…”

Section: Flash Floods In Reshummentioning

confidence: 99%

Political / Power Structure and Vulnerability to Natural Disaster in North Western Pakistan

Ishaq

Leghari

2020

RJSSER

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The current study tries to explore the link between the power structure and vulnerability to natural disasters like flash floods in Chitral, situated in the northwest of Pakistan. Flash floods are common in northern areas of Pakistan because of the steep nature of the terrain, melting of glaciers, and torrential rain in summer. In the Chitral district, its effects are adverse because of dwelling patterns and scarcity of safe locations for living. Ethnographic research tool, participant observation, in-depth interviews, informal talking, were used to understand the relationship between the power structure/ political structure in the district and vulnerability to flash floods and its aftermaths. Descriptive analysis technique has been used to analyze the ethnographic data. In princely state lower status people used to be compensated through land. In the locale of research, situated in upper Chitral, it has been observed that most of the low-status families are living in marginal locations making them vulnerable to flash floods. 2013 and 2015 flash floods data in the village of Reshun shows that majority of the affected families belong to low-status groups. Mainly it is the vulnerable location where these families are living. These families were not only affected more than upper-status people living in the village but the post-disaster situation was also worse for them in comparison to other parts of the village.

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GLOF Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan

Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan

Optimizing sulfur for improving salt tolerance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Political / Power Structure and Vulnerability to Natural Disaster in North Western Pakistan

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