“…Compared with other plastic deformation methods – such as equal-channel angular pressing and hot isostatic pressing – the advantages of MDIF include an unrestricted sample size, simple equipment, and high efficiency. MDIF has been successfully applied to refine microstructures in Cu alloys [14], Ni-based alloys [15], Mg alloys [16,17], pure Ti [18], Ti-6Al-4V alloys [19,20], Ti-35.8Al (wt-%) alloys [21], Ti-6Al-3.2Mo alloys [22], and γ-TiAl-based alloys such as Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr (at.-%) [23] and Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-0.2Si-1B (at.-%) [24]. As such, MDIF can be used to refine the grain size of γ-TiAl-based alloys, decreasing their brittleness at room temperature.…”