Globalization of the Flower Bulb Industry

Hertogh, August De; Scheepen, Johan van; Nard, M. Le; Okubo, Hiroshi; Kamenetsky, Rina

doi:10.1201/b12881-2

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Rees [ 42 ] suggested that the spring crocuses have the Irano-Turanian type of annual cycle and require a prolonged cold period at 4–9 °C for dormancy release. Also, in the forcing protocols for North America [ 43 ] and Europe [ 12 ], it was stated that 13–15 weeks at 2–9 °C are recommended for the purposes of forcing commercial varieties of spring-flowering crocuses. Our results indicate that wild species from Spain do not fit this pattern and winter temperatures are not required for dormancy release and do not accelerate flowering.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy

Pastor-Ferriz

De-Los-Mozos-Pascual

Renau‐Morata

et al. 2021

Plants

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Species of the genus Crocus are found over a wide range of climatic areas. In natural habitats, these geophytes diverge in the flowering strategies. This variability was assessed by analyzing the flowering traits of the Spanish collection of wild crocuses, preserved in the Bank of Plant Germplasm of Cuenca. Plants of the seven Spanish species were analyzed both in their natural environments (58 native populations) and in common garden experiments (112 accessions). Differences among species observed in the native habitats were maintained under uniform environmental conditions, suggesting a genetic basis for flowering mechanisms. Two eco-morphological types, autumn- and spring-flowering species, share similar patterns of floral induction and differentiation period in summer. The optimal temperature for this process was 23 °C for both types. Unlike Irano-Turanian crocuses, spring-flowering Spanish species do not require low winter temperatures for flower elongation. Hysteranthous crocuses flower in autumn prior to leaf elongation. We conclude that the variability in flowering traits in crocuses is related to the genetic and environmental regulation of flower primordia differentiation and elongation prior to emergence above the soil surface. The elucidation of the physiological differences between eco-morphological types of crocuses: synanthous with cold requirements and synanthous and hysteranthous without cold requirements, unlocks a new approach to the flowering evolution of geophytes in Mediterranean regions. Crocus species can serve both as a new model in the study of the molecular basis of hysteranthy and for the purposes of developing the molecular markers for desirable flowering traits.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy

Pastor-Ferriz

De-Los-Mozos-Pascual

Renau‐Morata

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…Ranunculus asiaticus L. is a perennial geophyte, from the family Ranunculaceae native to the Mediterranean basin and Asia Minor, grown as annual crop for cut flowers and potted plants ( De Hertogh, 1996 ). In the wild Mediterranean environment, tuberous roots of R. asiaticus sprout in Autumn, when the first rain rehydrates the dried tissue, and develop a rosette of long-petiole leaves ( Horovitz, 1985 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis in Ranunculus asiaticus L.: The Influence of the Hybrid and the Preparation Procedure of Tuberous Roots

et al. 2019

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Ranunculus asiaticus L. is a quantitative long-day geophyte, grown in a cold greenhouse for cut flowers and potted plants. Flowering in ranunculus is a complex process, strongly steered by temperature and photoperiodism. Vernalization of rehydrated tuberous roots anticipate sprouting and leaf rosette formation and flowering. It is known that the time for flowering and the sensitivity to cold treatment, in terms of flowering anticipation, varies in numerous hybrids, while no information seems to be available on the influence of hybrids and on the vernalization on the photosynthetic process and primary metabolite profiling. We investigated the influence of two ranunculus hybrids, MDR and MBO, and two preparation procedures of tuberous roots, only rehydration (Control, C) and rehydration followed by vernalization (V), on the photosynthesis and photochemistry of plants grown in a climatic chamber, under a controlled environment. In addition, in MBO plants, in which the vernalization showed the main effects, carbohydrate, amino acid and protein levels were also investigated. In control plants, the response of leaf photosynthesis, to increasing white light, revealed higher photosynthetic activity in MDR than in MBO. The quantum yield of PSII (ϕPSII), electron transport rate (ETR) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) did not differ between the two hybrids. The maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) was higher in MBO than in MDR and showed a decrease in both hybrids after vernalization. The preparation treatment of propagation material affected the light response of photosynthesis in the two hybrids differently, which increased in plants from vernalized tuberous roots, compared to those from only rehydrated in MBO and decreased in MDR, in accordance to the effects of vernalization observed in leaf photosynthetic pigments. In MBO vernalized tuberous roots, starch was rapidly degraded, and the carbon skeletons used to synthesize amino acids. Control plants of MBO, developed more leaves than those of MDR and a consequent larger plant leaf area. Compared to only rehydration, vernalization of rehydrated tuberous roots increased the plant leaf area in both the hybrids. Compared to the control, vernalized tuberous roots of MBO showed higher concentrations of sucrose and free amino acids, which could act as a long-distance signal promoting floral transition in young leaf primordia.

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“…Before planting in November each year, the high tunnel and field were rototilled to an approximate depth of 0.10 to 0.15 m. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer (guaranteed analysis 46N-0P-0K) was incorporated as a split application at a rate of 73 kg N ha −1 in November and again in spring when flower buds were visible, while Phosphorus (P, 0-20-0) and Potassium (K, 0-0-50) fertilizer applications were based on soil test results. Color mixes of anemone 'Carmel' and 'Galilee' (size 5-6 cm) tubers (Ball Horticulture, Chicago, IL, USA) were soaked in 15 to 25 • C running tap water for 4 h [43]. The tubers were drained and submerged in a 0.3% Captan fungicide solution for the last hour of soaking to reduce risk of rot [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pre-sprouting tubers rather than direct planting and cultivar selection can also advance growth and optimize flower timing, quality, and marketable yield. Pre-sprouting consists of starting hydrated tubers in a growing medium at a cool temperature for two to five weeks [15,43,44]. Four weeks at 5 • C hastened anemone flowering by approximately 20 days and improved average total yield from 7 to 8 stems per plant in a Japanese greenhouse study [16], while three weeks at 10 • C improved winter survival of anemone in a New York high tunnel and did not significantly impact yield [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemone Cut Flower Timing, Yield, and Quality in a High-Elevation Field and High Tunnel

et al. 2022

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A narrow window of optimal spring temperatures limits anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) cut flower production in the US Intermountain West, where fall plantings risk winter injury and spring plantings are limited by summer dormancy. Regional management recommendations are needed to improve anemone harvest timing and yield for growers in USDA hardiness zones 6 and below (average annual minimum temperatures below −18 °C). The aim of this research was to optimize flower timing, yield, quality, and profitability in high tunnel and field production systems by evaluating planting dates, winter insulation, tuber preparation, and cultivar selection. High tunnel and field trials were conducted from fall 2020 to spring 2022 in North Logan, UT (41.767° N, −111.811° W, 1405 m elevation, USDA hardiness zone 5). Tubers were pre-sprouted or directly planted into a high tunnel (left bare or covered with low tunnels) or field (left bare or covered with mulch, a low tunnel, or mulch and a low tunnel) from November to April. Harvest began as early as 2 March in the high tunnel and 9 April in the field, with overall average marketable yields (stems per m2 ± SE) of 142 ± 7 in the high tunnel and 85 ± 4 in the field. Planting pre-sprouted tubers under low tunnels in the high tunnel in November delivered the earliest harvest (2 March), greatest marketable yield (280 stems per m2 ± 73 SE), and greatest net returns ($38 per m2). For November field plantings, insulation improved emergence by 75% and marketable yield by 77 stems per m2 ± 15 SE. Combining high tunnel and field production with the season advancement techniques of fall planting dates, low-cost insulation, and pre-sprouting resulted in high total yields in the Intermountain West compared to traditional industry recommendations.

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Globalization of the Flower Bulb Industry

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy

Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy

Photosynthesis in Ranunculus asiaticus L.: The Influence of the Hybrid and the Preparation Procedure of Tuberous Roots

Anemone Cut Flower Timing, Yield, and Quality in a High-Elevation Field and High Tunnel

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