Globalization as Racialized, Sexualized Violence

Institutionalizing Insurgency

“…Although hierarchies of difference have been and continue to be constructed along axes of marked physical differences, racializing technologies may also involve more subtle appropriations of sameness and more blatant applications of force. In contrast to practices of racialization and gendering that are written on the body, colonial and neocolonial regimes have also established ethnocultural hierarchies through regulation of domesticity, mobility, migration and visuality (Raissiguier 1999;Philipose 2007;Kuokkanen 2008). And as the 'war on terror' and the US occupation of Iraq have once again made painfully clear, violence and torture are themselves primary instruments of racialization (Philipose 2007;Richter-Montpetit 2007;Sjoberg 2007).…”

“…Constructing women's employment and women's rights as scapegoats, leaders of nationalist and militant religious movements stoked the anger and resentment of men whose economic circumstances were worsening, contributing to escalating public and private violence. Increasing incidences of domestic violence, anomic violence and orchestrated civil unrest were all intimately interrelated in circumstances of economic dislocation (see also Heyat 2006;Kuokkanen 2008; and the Nayak and Suchland Special Issue on Gender Violence and Hegemonic Projects 8 (4) (2006)). …”

Application of Intersectional Analysis to Data on Domestic Violence Against Aboriginal Women Living in Remote Communities in the Province of Quebec

“…The interaction and interlocking of these systems and active processes produce and legitimize social differences and hierarchies and political asymmetries that have real material impacts on the social actors' lives (Kuokkanen 2008;Waldby, Armstrong, and Strid 2012). The contextual and intersectional analysis allowed us to focus on the intersection and overlapping of different historically constituted structures of domination and differentiation processes (gendering, sexualization, racialization, and culturalization) at another analytical level, thus highlighting how they amplify each other's negative effects on the lives of Aboriginal women who are victims of domestic violence.…”

“…Thus, the interaction and intersection of social systems of domination are embedded within the historical and political context of Aboriginal peoples and are expressed through government assimilation policies, laws, and state responses concerning Aboriginal peoples, for example. These systems are also reinforced and sustained by the intermeshed processes through which the hierarchical differences and unequal social relations are socially produced on the basis of the racialization, culturalization, and sexualization of Aboriginal peoples, thus contributing to the legitimization of their social exclusion, control, and subordination, as well as to the violence they experience (Amnesty International 2004;Fiske 2006;Kuokkanen 2008).…”

“…(female Aboriginal psychologist) However, it is important to stress that the intersection and interaction of the social systems of domination affect Aboriginal women in specific ways. This requires the recognition that Aboriginal women are differently marginalized than are their male counterparts, since they suffer not only from racism and colonialism, but also from patriarchy and sexism (Kuokkanen 2008;Clark 2012) in Canadian society and within Aboriginal communities, as a legacy of their contact with Europeans. (We will come back to this point later.)…”