“…Scholars acknowledge that there is a lack of empirical data on the causes and impact of terrorism because these issues are inherently complex and difficult to study, and they call for further research (Khan & Estrada, ; Lutz & Lutz, ; Rehman & Vanin, ; Zimmermann, ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The impact of terrorism on an economy can best be explained by rational choice theory (Estrada et al, ). Zimmermann (:S157) argues that:In terms of Weber’s distinction, deterrence can only be directed against purposive rational actions where the goal is not to be achieved at any price (value‐rational action) but with rational calculation. Ex‐post costs of a suicide attack are irrelevant for supreme‐value perpetrators.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Taking a rational choice and opportunity–cost perspective, Zimmermann () demonstrated a causal link between globalization and international terrorism (see Appendix ). In Appendix , paths 1, 2, 17, and 18 address behavior at the micro level; paths 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 27, 28, and 30 are located at the mesolevel; and paths 3–8, 13, 14, 19, and 20–26 are located at the macrolevel.…”
The term “terrorism” is notoriously difficult to define, but terrorism has become a global concern over the last two decades. The findings of prior research on the social, political, and economic determinants of terrorism are mixed and inconclusive. Accordingly, this study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and terrorism in Tunisia for the period 1979–2015. The error correction model has been used to determine the stability of any long‐term relationship. Using autoregressive distributed lag bound testing, the findings reveal that the unemployment rate, political instability, the informal sector and higher school enrollment rates positively and significantly affect terrorism. However, gross domestic product per capita and foreign direct investment have a negative and significant impact on terrorism. Interestingly, the poverty rate has no relationship to terrorism. Policy implications and future research are also discussed.
“…Scholars acknowledge that there is a lack of empirical data on the causes and impact of terrorism because these issues are inherently complex and difficult to study, and they call for further research (Khan & Estrada, ; Lutz & Lutz, ; Rehman & Vanin, ; Zimmermann, ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The impact of terrorism on an economy can best be explained by rational choice theory (Estrada et al, ). Zimmermann (:S157) argues that:In terms of Weber’s distinction, deterrence can only be directed against purposive rational actions where the goal is not to be achieved at any price (value‐rational action) but with rational calculation. Ex‐post costs of a suicide attack are irrelevant for supreme‐value perpetrators.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Taking a rational choice and opportunity–cost perspective, Zimmermann () demonstrated a causal link between globalization and international terrorism (see Appendix ). In Appendix , paths 1, 2, 17, and 18 address behavior at the micro level; paths 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 27, 28, and 30 are located at the mesolevel; and paths 3–8, 13, 14, 19, and 20–26 are located at the macrolevel.…”
The term “terrorism” is notoriously difficult to define, but terrorism has become a global concern over the last two decades. The findings of prior research on the social, political, and economic determinants of terrorism are mixed and inconclusive. Accordingly, this study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and terrorism in Tunisia for the period 1979–2015. The error correction model has been used to determine the stability of any long‐term relationship. Using autoregressive distributed lag bound testing, the findings reveal that the unemployment rate, political instability, the informal sector and higher school enrollment rates positively and significantly affect terrorism. However, gross domestic product per capita and foreign direct investment have a negative and significant impact on terrorism. Interestingly, the poverty rate has no relationship to terrorism. Policy implications and future research are also discussed.
“…Terrorism in the narrative: (i) is fundamentally motivated by information asymmetry about time, place and the number of victims attacked and (ii) consists of fear-motivating violent attacks that target civilians with the purpose of influencing polity and political decisions. The definition of terrorism underlying the theoretical underpinnings advanced by Zimmermann (2011) is not very different from that of Enders and Sandler (2006) employed in this study: the actual and threatened use of force by subnational actors with the purpose of employing intimidation to meet political objectives.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further to the stylized facts on the connection between globalisation and terrorism, Zimmermann (2011) has documented an interesting body of theoretical underpinnings on the globalisation-terrorism linkage. According to the author, the consequences of globalisation in terms of terrorism may take different forms, namely: religious-cultural, ethno-separatist and ideological.…”
This chapter provides a critical overview of micro‐, group, and macrolevel theories of political violence, addressing the various causes, correlates, and consequences of political violence ranging from individual and group terrorist attacks to collective protest, ethnic strife, secession, internal war, revolutions, and attempts at changing the international political order. One of the major aspects is tracing the relevance of public goods in assessing the various forms of political violence and links between them. Strengths and weaknesses of several theories and future developments are addressed.
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