“…These substances, originating from natural processes and human activities, are commonly released into the environment [10]. They often possess atomic weights higher than iron and densities below 5 g/cm 3 , finding applications in various industries, including smelting, finishing, coal, electroplating, photography, aerospace, waste management, transportation, mining, and agriculture [11,12]. Essential metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) are prevalent in industrial processes, emphasizing their role in determining water quality [13,14].…”