Global Warming, Marine Invertebrates, and Saudi Arabia Coast on the Red Sea: An updated review

Abstract

The most prominent indicators of climate change are observed in many climatic phenomena since 1950s, such as changes in temperature, the amount of precipitation, hurricanes, the resulting floods and high levels of saline seawater (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014), and there is clear evidence of climate change, whether due to human activities or natural causes (Gravili, et al., 2017). These climate changes lead to remarkable alterations in natural habitats and ecosystems (Hanley, Bouma and Mossman, 2020), which may threaten the biodiversity of organisms and human food security (Banerjee et al., 2018), and if the global warming increased 1.5°C -

Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways

“…Environmental stressors like heat stress can lead to drastically increased reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that can attack proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA [ 32 , 33 ]. The molecular and biochemical responses to heat stress have been studied extensively in terrestrial and aquatic organisms [34] , [35] , [36] ; however, the effects of high temperatures on DNA strand breaks (i.e., single-stranded breaks [SSBs] and double-stranded breaks [DSBs]) are not well documented in oysters. It has been shown that heat stress increases single-stranded and double-stranded DNA breaks in hemocytes (i.e., free cells of mussel hemolymph that play fundamental roles in transport nutrients, detoxification of toxic compounds, as well as an immune defense; [ 37 , 38 ]) of invasive and native marine mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus californianus ) [39] , thus DNA SSBs and DSBs can be used as specific molecular biomarkers in marine mollusks during heat stress.…”

The Red Sea Fisheries - Threats and Proposed Solutions

“…The Red Sea is number 33 (LME #33) and it is one of the youngest, warmest, and saltiest seas in the world due to the high evaporation rate, also because no rivers flow into it, and the low rainfall quantity (Sheppard, 2019). In addition, it is a semi-enclosed basin, also located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the length of the Red Sea is approximately 2250 km, and its maximum width in the South about 355 km, and its average depth about 500 m (Binnaser, 2021). Moreover, in the South of the Red Sea is linked with the Indian Ocean via Bab al Mandeb, whereas in the North, it is separated by the Sinai Peninsula to the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez.…”