Global Trends in Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology

Abstract

The global epidemiology of infective endocarditis is becoming better understood with the initiation of multi-center collaborative studies and with an increasing number of case series being reported from countries outside North America and Europe. However, there are still many knowledge gaps and a lack of population-based data. For endocarditis in developed countries, the role of rheumatic heart disease as a predisposing factor is diminishing; the population is increasingly elderly, staphylococci are becoming much more important pathogens, and proportionally more are healthcare-associated. In developing countries, the epidemiology of infective endocarditis remains similar to North America and Europe from the middle of the twentieth century, affecting a younger age group, is often associated with rheumatic heart disease, and is predominantly caused by streptococci.

Infective Endocarditis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

“…11,13,28 The emergence of Staphylococcus as a leading cause of IE in LMICs, a trend that was also previously noted in HICs, may reflect medical technology advances, increased hospital contact and increasing comorbidities. 9,34,35 Consistent with these factors, it is noteworthy that only UMIC studies reported Staphylococcus as the leading cause of IE, accounting for up to 50% of cases. 21,22,25,31,32,34 In lower-middle income countries however, Streptococcus still predominates.…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7] The spectrum of causative microorganisms and underlying risk factors for IE has shifted dramatically in high income countries (HICs). 8,9 Staphylococcal IE now predominates. Degenerative valve disease (DVD), prosthetic valves and other intracardiac devices are the leading underlying cardiac conditions, with little contribution from rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and congenital heart disease (CHD).…”

“…9 Reports from LMICs that mirror this epidemiology and treatment patterns are predominantly from before the turn of this millennium and consequently, may not reflect the current state of IE in LMICs. [10][11][12][13][14] The prevalence of RHD remains disproportionately high in LMICs, while uncorrected CHD persists in the poorest of these settings due to limited access to cardiac surgery.…”

Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention: Review

“…Hastaların %30'undan sorumludur. 1,3 Hem doğal hem de protez kapakları tutmaktadır. Pek çok antibiyotiğe direnç göstermekte ve metisiline dirençli türleri de giderek artmaktadır.…”

Right‐sided infective endocarditis in patients with uncorrected ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus: Two case reports

“…Its incidence varies between 1.4 and 12.7 cases in 100 000 persons per years 1. Congenital heart disease is a predisposing factor for IE.…”