Global Trends and Projections for Tobacco Use, 1990-2025: An Analysis of Smoking Indicators From the WHO Comprehensive Information Systems for Tobacco Control

Bilano, Ver; Gilmour, Stuart; Moffiet, Trevor

doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2015.09.012

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Although there has been success at reducing smoking rates in some parts of the world, 105 globally obesity rates have been rising for the last 3 decades. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity (currently defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ) among US adults has increased from 1 in 7 to 1 in 3.…”

Section: Adiposity and Atherosclerotic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease

Herrington

Lacey

Sherliker

et al. 2016

Circulation Research

1,078

666

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Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of vascular disease worldwide. Its major clinical manifestations include ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. In high-income countries, there have been dramatic declines in the incidence and mortality from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke since the middle of the 20th century. For example, in the United Kingdom, the probability of death from vascular disease in middle-aged men (35-69 years) has decreased from 22% in 1950 to 6% in 2010. Most low-and middle-income countries have also reported declines in mortality from stroke over the last few decades, but mortality trends from ischemic heart disease have been more varied, with some countries reporting declines and others reporting increases (particularly those in Eastern Europe and Asia). Many major modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis have been identified, and the causal relevance of several risk factors is now well established (including, but not limited to, smoking, adiposity, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus). Widespread changes in health behaviors and use of treatments for these risk factors are responsible for some of the dramatic declines in vascular mortality in high-income countries. In order that these declines continue and are mirrored in less wealthy nations, increased efforts are needed to tackle these major risk factors, particularly smoking and the emerging obesity epidemic. (Circ Res. 2016;118:535-546.

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Section: Adiposity and Atherosclerotic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease

Herrington

Lacey

Sherliker

et al. 2016

Circulation Research

1,078

666

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…77 Smoking, whose prevalence depends on both social norms and tobacco control policies, is highest among men in many parts of Asia and central and eastern Europe. 83,84 Among women, it is higher in Europe than in other regions, with male and female smoking prevalences having become virtually the same in some European countries.…”

Section: 82mentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects

et al. 2016

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Information on exposure to, and health effects of, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is needed to develop effective strategies to prevent CVD events and deaths. Here, we provide an overview of the data and evidence on worldwide exposures to CVD risk factors and the associated health effects. Global comparative risk assessment (CRA) studies have estimated that hundreds of thousands or millions of CVD deaths are attributable to established CVD risk factors (high blood pressure and serum cholesterol, smoking, and high blood glucose), high body mass index (BMI), harmful alcohol use, some dietary and environmental exposures, and physical inactivity. The established risk factors plus BMI are collectively responsible for about 9.7 million annual CVD deaths, with high blood pressure accounting for more CVD deaths than any other risk factor. Age-standardized CVD death rates attributable to established risk factors plus high BMI are lowest in high-income countries, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean; they are highest in the region of central and eastern Europe and central Asia. However, estimates of the health effects of CVD risk factors are highly uncertain because there are insufficient population-based data on exposure to most CVD risk factors and because the magnitudes of their effects on CVDs in observational studies are likely to be biased. We identify directions for research and surveillance to better estimate the effects of CVD risk factors, and policy options for reducing CVD burden by modifying preventable risk factors.3

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“…This goes in line with current literature, but it should be remarked that the number of female smokers is increasing. Thus it can be expected that in the future this risk factor will lead to a higher incidence of PAD particularly in younger women [7].Compared to men, women with PAD are more likely to present with atypical symptoms or they are even asymptomatic. In addition, guideline-recommended medical ther-…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The difference between men and women

Espinola‐Klein

2017

Vasa

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apy such as statins, anti-platelet medication, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are prescribed less frequently in women than in men [4]. Increased prevalence of asymptomatic PAD in women and less consequent risk factor management may contribute to more advanced disease and higher percentage of critical limb ischaemia at the time of diagnosis. A large publication including 1,797,885 patients (56 % male) from the USA confi rmed that women with PAD are older and more likely to present with critical limb ischaemia [8]. In contrast, in the study by Rieß et al. critical limb ischaemia with peripheral lesions was found more often in men than in women.In comparison to women men had more often interventions below the knee. This might be explained by the higher percentage of men with critical limb ischaemia and diabetes. A current publication including 12,379 patients who underwent lover extremity intervention found no gender diff erence in intervention above or below the knee [9]. Periinterventional success rates and long-term outcome seem to be similar in men and women. But female sex was associated with a higher rate of vascular access side complications such as bleeding [9,10]. Similar results are reported by Rieß et al. with signifi cantly more bleeding complications requiring revision in women than in men. This might be explained by risk factors for local complications such as older age, smaller vessel size, more calcifi ed arteries and increased number of comorbidities. In addition, in the present manuscript the percentage of obesity was higher in women than in men.Women were rather discharged to rehabilitation and had longer in-hospital stays. This could be explained by the more advanced age and the higher comorbidities of women when treated with endovascular procedures. Moreover vascular complications prolong in-hospital stays. In addition, because of advanced age women are more likely to live alone and need external help after hospital discharge.It should be remarked that there remains a selection bias in the manuscript by Rieß et al. Naturally they could only report the data from patients presented to the hospital with already diagnosed symptomatic PAD. In clinical practise Although the infl uence of gender on atherosclerosis in general is well known, there is only little information about its impact on peripheral artery disease (PAD). In particular many trials on treatment of PAD include only a small number of women [1,2]. This leads to the false assumption that PAD is mainly a male disease. In addition, women are usually older when they suff er from atherosclerotic disease and have more comorbidities, which has important implications on their treatment [1,2].Therefore the paper by Rieß et al. about gender diff erences in endovascular treatment of PAD adds important contributions to the literature [3]. They report data from 2,798 endovascular procedures conducted between September and November 2015 at 74 vascular centres in Germany. In total 61 % of the patients were male and more than half of the ...

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Global Trends and Projections for Tobacco Use, 1990-2025: An Analysis of Smoking Indicators From the WHO Comprehensive Information Systems for Tobacco Control

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease

Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease

Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects

The difference between men and women

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