Global Transcriptome Analysis of Orange Wheat Blossom Midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to Identify Candidate Transcripts Regulating Diapause

Abstract

BackgroundMany insects enter a developmental arrest (diapause) that allows them to survive harsh seasonal conditions. Despite the well-established ecological significance of diapause, the molecular basis of this crucial adaptation remains largely unresolved. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), the orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM), causes serious damage to wheat throughout the northern hemisphere, and sporadic outbreaks occur in the world. Traits related to diapause appear to be important factors contributing to their rapid spread and outbreak. To better understand the diapause mechanisms of OWBM, we sequenced the transcriptome and determined the gene expression profile of this species.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this study, we performed de novo transcriptome analysis using short-read sequencing technology (Illumina) and gene expression analysis with a tag-based digital gene expression (DGE) system. The sequencing results generated 89,117 contigs, and 45,713 unigenes. These unigenes were annotated by Blastx alignment against the NCBI non-redundant (nr), Clusters of orthologous groups (COG), gene orthology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. 20,802 unigenes (45.5% of the total) matched with protein in the NCBI nr database. Two digital gene expression (DGE) libraries were constructed to determine differences in gene expression profiles during diapause and non-diapause developmental stages. Genes related to diapause were analyzed in detail and in addition, nine diapause-related genes were analyzed by real time PCR.Conclusions/SignificanceThe OWBM transcriptome greatly improves our genetic understanding and provides a platform for functional genomics research of this species. The DGE profiling data provides comprehensive information at the transcriptional level that facilitates our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of various physiological aspects including development and diapause stages in OWBM. From this study it is evident that various genes coding metabolic enzymes are crucial for diapause and metamorphosis.

Conservation and modification of genetic and physiological toolkits underpinning diapause in bumble bee queens

“…For example, genes for metabolic enzymes ( sorbitol dehydrogenase and trehalase like ) showed the same patterns of expression during diapause in B. terrestris queens and in the orange wheat blossom midge (Gong et al . ). In both B. terrestris queens and Drosophila montana females, expression levels of hsp‐83 were downregulated in diapause vs. post‐diapause (Kankare et al .…”

“…, ,b; Yamada & Yamamoto ; Gong et al . ; Sim & Denlinger ), and thus, it remains to be determined whether these mechanisms are conserved across other taxa. Intriguingly, it has also been hypothesized that in social insect species, diapause‐related genes were co‐opted to generate caste differences between reproductive, long‐lived, diapause‐capable queens and sterile, short‐lived workers (Hunt & Amdam ; Hunt et al .…”

Red fluorescence in coral larvae is associated with a diapause‐like state

“…), and ‘diapause’ corresponds to diapause in the midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gong et al . ). The colour scale is delta‐rank: the difference between mean rank of genes belonging to the euKaryotic Orthologous Groups ( KOG ) class and mean rank of all other genes (positive values indicate enrichment with up‐regulated genes).…”

“…) and an insect larvae (midge, order Diptera) S. mosellana (Gong et al . ). Both noncoral external diapause data sets clustered with the red phenotype (defined either as red‐vs.‐all or red‐vs.‐mega‐green comparison) and A. millepora larval thermal tolerance data.…”

“…) and diapause vs. nondiapause midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera) (Gong et al . ). These data were extracted from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (accession numbers and , respectively).…”