Global Terrorism

Lutz, Brenda J.; Lutz, Jack H.

doi:10.4324/9780203799772

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Ironically, some of this support was even initially provided to Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, who eventually became the leader of the most threatening violent groups that appeared (Ganguly, 2003, p. 16; van Dyke, 2009, p. 986). The attempts to politically divide the Sikh community combined with the increased immigration of Hindus directly contributed to the fear of many Sikhs that they would be marginalised in their own land (Lutz & Lutz, 2013, p. 86).…”

Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fundamentalists among the Sikhs feared increasing secularism that had appeared in India (Narang, 1987, p. 547). In this sense, fundamentalist Sikhs were like fundamentalists of other religions in that the greatest threat to their religious, social and cultural values was secularism (Lutz & Lutz, 2013, p. 80; Pillar, 2001, p. 65). He found the changes in lifestyle that had been occurring among Sikhs to be offensive to his religious beliefs.…”

Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been argued that the violence was fuelled by external actors, principally Pakistan, and that these were supporting the uprising as part of an effort to break up India (Singh, 1987, p. 1270). There is little doubt that there were some Sikh organisations that received support from Pakistan as part of an inexpensive foreign policy method for creating difficulties for an unfriendly and potentially dangerous neighbour (Lutz & Lutz, 2013, p. 88; Ogden, 2013; Paroha, 1993, p. 246). In fact, while Pakistan may have been more than happy to see unrest in the Punjab, external support was not at the core of the violence.…”

Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab

Lutz¹

2017

India Quarterly

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Risk sensitivity combined with prospect theory and framing concepts can be quite useful in explaining which individuals and groups can become radicalised and more likely to resort to terrorism to achieve their political and economic objectives. Such a radicalisation can occur with groups willing to use violence for major gains and for groups seeking to prevent significant losses of status or wealth. The Sikh uprising in the Punjab in the latter part of the twentieth century is an example of terrorism based not on poverty but as part of an effort to preserve or regain a relatively advantageous position. The Sikhs were in a somewhat advantageous situation in India but faced increasing challenges to their economic, political and social position in the Punjab and in India in general. The counterterrorism policies of the government contributed to the perception of threat that further radicalised the Sikh community.

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Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Conflict In the Punjabmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab

Lutz¹

2017

India Quarterly

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“…The character of novelty was presumed and seldom justified. At most, these movements were sometimes assumed to be part of the historical process of the contestation of the Western hegemonic order begun by regional movements during and after the Second World War (Lutz & Lutz: 2013). In this case, a certain historical method was used in understanding them, but even when this perspective was embraced they were considered fundamentally a modern phenomenon (Nagl: 2002), (Vinci: 2008), (Boot: 2013).…”

Section: The Problem Of Armed Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Armed groups: problems of theory and classification

Miroiu¹

2017

Preprint

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Abstract:This paper argues in favor of a theory and classification of armed groups that sets them at the center of political and social sciences. Starting from the problem of order, it argues that without armed groups one cannot understand how stable societies form, function and reproduce themselves. It challenges the preeminence of concepts such as class and gender, which are seen as depicting later-formed social structures. It proposes a classification of armed groups based on their permanent or impermanent character, as well as the reasons for using violence, mostly extractive and ideological. The article also discusses armed groups operating within the state.

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“…Officially, the 'ring of steel' is called the 'Experimental Traffic Scheme,' and the project is marketed as an environmental and traffic congestion reduction strategy. It is interesting to note, that terrorism is a quite young field of research and researchers have not been able come up with a general definition of terrorism (Hogan 2009, Coaffee 2009, Horgan 2014, Bjorgo and Horgan 2009, Atlas 2013, Purpura 2015, Lutz 2013, Howard and Hoffman 2011, Coaffee and Bosher 2008, Glaeser and Shapiro 2011, Godschalk 2003, Rothrock 2010. With the spread of terrorism in recent decades, security has become an inevitable feature of modern urban life, particularly for those who live and work in the capital cities, especially in important buildings related to political or religious activities, as well as public crowded places have become unprotected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Planning and Design for Terrorism Resilient Cities

Matijošaitienė

Petriashvili

2017

Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering

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The actuality of this research is determined by a significant number of recent terror attacks and their disastrous impacts on urban forms. The target of terror attacks has moved from developing to developed countries. Existing urban polices in most countries do not meet counterterrorism standards. Consequently, implementation of counter-terrorism guidelines while planning safe places has turned into essential factor for the 21st century design. The research comprises identification of environmental design (CPTED) factors as well as spatial urban structures that influence the choice of places for terror attacks. 14 sites with terror attacks and 21 sites without terror attacks were assessed according to the developed CPTED questionnaire. For understanding spatial urban structure 6 cases have been analyzed with space syntax method. The research results reveal that the following CPTED factors are related to the choice of place of terror attacks: Strong separation of private and public activities; Site that has a direct access to the main street; Site that has a multiple entrances and exits; Minimization of vehicle access points to the building; Access to private and public space; Site that has a direct access to the city center; Site is well-used; Redistribution of same functional buildings on the site; Presence of a medical institution nearby the site. According to the results of the automatic regression analysis, the following CPTED factors do the biggest impact on the choice of places for terror attacks: 1) vehicle access points to the buildings are minimized, 2) public and private activities are separated, 3) there are many same functional buildings redistributed in the surrounding area. Descriptive statistics reveal the weakest points on the analyzed sites: 1) public and private activities are not separated, 2) many same functional buildings are not redistributed in the surrounding area, 3) access points to the building are not minimalized, 4) the object is surrounded by an open space, 5) there is no security police presence at the site, and 6) there no minimum required setback distance between the building and site boundaries. After the visual comparison of segment maps of integration, choice, mean depth and connectivity, we have discovered that almost all terror attacks happened on the most globally integrated (R=n) street segments, except Tel Aviv case study. Finally, the recommendations for the elements of site reorganization and the elements of street network reorganization are proposed.

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Global Terrorism

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab

Risk Sensitivity and the Sikh Uprising in the Punjab

Armed groups: problems of theory and classification

Urban Planning and Design for Terrorism Resilient Cities

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