Global temperature modes shed light on the Holocene temperature conundrum

Bader, Jürgen; Jungclaus, Johann; Krivova, N. A.; Lorenz, Stephan; Maycock, Amanda C.; Raddatz, Thomas; Schmidt, Hauke; Toohey, Matthew; Wu, Chenguang; Claußen, Martin

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18478-6

Cited by 102 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…During the billions of years of the Earth's history, in general, the amount and the diversity of HHCBEs including organisms on Earth are increasing [31]. However, meteorite impacts, huge volcano eruptions, long glacial periods, and other catastrophes can destroy the temperate energy flow on Earth or the inner structure of many organisms [32][33][34][35]. Consequently, the amount and the diversity of HHCBEs including organisms could decline greatly for the catastrophes, sometimes leading to mass extinctions [32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Explanation Of Macroevolution (Validation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the CBEET definition suggests that, when the environment is comfortable and far away from saturation with HHCBEs, the threshold of natural selection is low, which is beneficial for increase of the diversity of HHCBEs. On the other side, when the environment becomes dreadful, particularly in a catastrophe period, the threshold of natural selection is high, which can lead to mass extinction of organisms including those which were quite fit previously [32][33][34][35]. In a permanent and temperate environment without catastrophes, fitness of a species could become inadequate due to gradual changes of their biotic and abiotic surroundings, particularly when the environment is saturated with HHCBEs [24].…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Definitions (Validation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

Chen¹

2020

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Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered, complicated, elusive, and controversial. To address this issue, a novel evolutionary theory is deduced from thermodynamics in this article. As per the formula of Gibbs free energy, carbon-based entities (CBEs) on Earth tend to absorb more energy. This is the evolutionary driving force leading to organic synthesis of higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). The organic synthesis raises the amount of HHCBEs and increases the structural complexity and hierarchy of CBEs. Increased structural complexity and hierarchy spontaneously offer complicated functions to HHCBEs. Genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and uninheritable variations provide diversified HHCBEs for natural selection which is redefined as survival of the fit and elimination of the unfit, leading to increase of diversity and fitness of HHCBEs. Order in biology resulting from permanent natural selection is largely contrary to order in physics. Natural selection acts on the overall fitness involving all traits through the co-action of positive selection and negative selection. Natural selection can establish biological traits in short geological periods. Different combinations of traits can lead to sympatric speciation targeting the same niche. Altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are all important throughout the CBE evolution, which harbors three overlapping phases including chemical evolution (abiogenesis), biological evolution, and group evolution. Altogether, this theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) suggests that evolution which favors fitness and diversity is driven hierarchy-wise by energy. It reveals the driving force of evolution and reestablishes the key role of natural selection. It integrates with advances from multiple disciplines and provides simple and rational answers to some evolutionary conundrums. It removes several elusive or erroneous views including the one regarding negative entropy. It bridges natural sciences and social sciences and sheds novel insights into harmonious development of human society.

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Section: Explanation Of Macroevolution (Validation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With Previous Definitions (Validation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

Chen¹

2020

Preprint

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“…During the whole history of the Earth, the amount and the diversity of HHCBEs including organisms on the Earth are generally increasing [22]. However, meteorite impacts, huge volcano eruptions, long glacial periods, and other catastrophes can destroy the temperate heat streams on the Earth and structures of many organisms [23][24][25]. Consequently, the amount and the diversity of organisms could decline greatly for the catastrophes, sometimes leading to mass extinctions [23][24][25].…”

Section: The Driving Force Of Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the environment is comfortable, the threshold of natural selection is low, which allows survival of HHCBEs carrying various changes [26]. In contrast, the threshold of natural selection increases greatly when a catastrophe occurs, which can lead to mass extinction of organisms including those quite fit previously [23][24][25].…”

Section: The Cbeet Definition Of Natural Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

Chen¹

2020

Preprint

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Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered and controversial. Here we deduce that, thermodynamically, many carbon-based entities (CBEs) on the Earth tend to absorb energy from widespread relatively temperate heat streams on the Earth flowing from the solar, geothermal, and other energy sources, to form higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). This has been the driving force of evolution leading to accumulation of HHCBEs for billions of years. We further deduce three progressive mechanisms of evolution including natural selection from the driving force. We hence establish the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) which reinterprets the major aspects of evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. The CBEET provides novel explanations for natural selection, origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, sympatric speciation, and evolutionary tempos. It suggests that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It elucidates that altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution which includes chemical evolution, biological evolution, and animal group evolution. The CBEET refutes several erroneous views including negative entropy and survival of the fittest. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

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“…When the fitness threshold of natural selection is low, some HHCBEs with reduced fitness could survive if they have adequate overall fitness. In contrast, the fitness threshold of natural selection increases greatly when a catastrophe occurs, which can lead to mass extinction of organisms including those quite fit previously[23][24][25].The CBEET definition of natural selection maintains the core feature of the concept of natural selection in Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory and in the Modern Synthesis[3][4][5]: fitness of organisms increases over time because natural elimination of unfit organisms and natural support for fit organisms.The CBEET definition of natural selection is also different from previous definitions in multiple aspects.First, the CBEET definition covers non-living CBEs and can be extended to origin of life, while natural selection in previous theories are largely restricted to evolution of organisms. regeneration of HHCBEs is deduced from thermodynamics, and the structural changes carried by regenerated HHCBEs influence collaboration and altruism of its component, which further influence the fitness of HHCBEs and are thus under natural selection.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

Chen¹

2021

Preprint

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Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain incomplete, controversial and inadequate in explaining origin of life and macroevolution. Here we create the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs) which include methane, amino acids, proteins, bacteria, animals, plants, and other entities containing carbon atoms. From thermodynamics, we deduce the driving force, the progressive mechanisms, and the major steps of CBE evolution, and hence establish a comprehensive evolutionary theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET). CBEET highlights that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It provides novel explanations for origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and animal group evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. It elucidates that collaboration, altruism, obeying rules with properly increased freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution. It refutes thoroughly the notion that negative entropy (negentropy) leads to biological order which is distinct from thermodynamic order. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and bridges laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

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Global temperature modes shed light on the Holocene temperature conundrum

Cited by 102 publications

References 63 publications

The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

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