Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans

Abstract

Fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT), infecting humans and mammals worldwide, are reviewed and options for control discussed. Fifty nine species belonging to 4 families, i.e. Opisthorchiidae (12 species), Echinostomatidae (10 species), Heterophyidae (36 species) and Nanophyetidae (1 species) are listed. Some trematodes, which are highly pathogenic for humans such as Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus are discussed in detail, i.e. infection status in humans in endemic areas, clinical aspects, symptoms and pathology of disease caused by these flukes. Other liver fluke species of the Opisthorchiidae are briefly mentioned with information about their infection rate and geographical distribution. Intestinal flukes are reviewed at the family level. We also present information on the first and second intermediate hosts as well as on reservoir hosts and on habits of human eating raw or undercooked fish.

The Liver Flukes: Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp, and Metorchis spp.

“…Hosts for C. sinensis and O. viverrini, besides humans, include feral and domestic cats and dogs, and pigs and rats (Rattus); these host species play the crucial role of reservoir host (Mas-Coma and Bargues, 1997; Lun et al, 2005;Lan-Anh et al, 2009;Petney et al, 2013). However, C. sinensis has also been reported from sylvatic animals such as martins, civet cats, badgers, monkeys, weasels, muskrats, foxes and rice rats (Mas-Coma and Bargues, 1997; Hung et al, 2013;. The role of sylvatic reservoir hosts is very important in the epidemiology of O. felineus, which has an even wider spectrum of final hosts; it has been reported from domestic (e.g., cats, dogs, pigs), synanthropic (e.g., muskrats, rats) and 28 wild animals (e.g., otters, polecats, polar and red foxes, sable, seals, wild boar, wolverines) (Mordvinov et al, 2012;Pozio et al, 2013;Chai et al, 2005).…”

“…The liver fluke C. sinensis utilizes, as first intermediate host, snail species including Alocinma longicornis, Bithynia spp., Melanoides tuberculatus, Parafossalurus spp., and Thiara (WHO, 1995;Sithithaworn et al, 2007a;Hung et al, 2013). The major snail hosts for O. viverrini and O. felineus belong to the genus Bithynia.…”

“…Biobased molluscicides, including plant components, may have less toxic effects on humans, aquatic animals, and plants, and research on them should be encouraged, especially their cost-effectiveness. Studies on biological control with predatory fish (on snails) such as black carp have recently shown promise, but this approach is still in the early phase of research and development (Hung et al, 2013).…”

“…Metacercariae of C. sinensis have been recovered from fish belonging to the genera Acanthogobius, Abbottina, Carassius, Cirrhinus, Crassiodes, Cultrichthys, Cyprinus, Ctenopharyngodon, Erythroculter, Gnathopogon, Hemibarbus, Hemiculter, Hypomesus, Hypophthalmichthys, Ischikauia, Opsariicthys, Oreochromis, Parabramis, Pseudogobio, Pseudorabora, Pungtungia, Rhodeus, Sarcocheilichthys, Toxobramus, Xenocypris, and Zacco (WHO, 1995;Hung et al, 2013 (Erhardt et al, 1962;Pozio et al, 2013;Pakharukova and Mordvinov, 2016). There are reports of shrimp found infected with metacercariae that morphologically were identified as C. sinensis (Chen et al, 2010), but follow up studies to verify their identity do not appear to have been conducted.…”

Experimental opisthorchiasis: a study of blood cells, hematopoiesis and startle reflex in laboratory animals

“…• 20 • 2 • 2016 О писторхоз -паразитарное заболевание, широко распространенное во всем мире: 40 млн людей инфицированы трематодами семейства Opisthor chiidae и 750 млн находятся в группе риска (Keiser, Utzin ger, 2007;Hung et al, 2013). Очевидно, что описторхоз, возникающий при заражении человека и животных представителями этого семейства, Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) и Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus), является актуальной проблемой современности.…”