Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage

Oviatt, Benjamin M.; McDougall, Patricia P.

doi:10.5465/ame.1995.9506273269

Cited by 379 publications

(375 citation statements)

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“…Knowledge intensive firms can use new technological knowledge to develop and adapt products for new markets and to avoid stagnation in existing markets (Autio et al, 2000). Developing unique products or services helps INVs to overcome disadvantages of newness (lack of experience) and size (Oviatt & McDougall, 1995). Knowledge intensification within activities, products and services allows new (including international) opportunities to be recognised and exploited (Autio et al, 2000;Dhanaraj & Beamish, 2003;Zahra et al, 2000).…”

Section: Technological Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forsgren (2002:263) notes how 'by acquiring local units (or people) that possess the necessary market knowledge, the slow process of learning from one's own experience can, at least partly, be avoided', especially if firms focus on integrating personnel and the knowledge involved (Barkema & Vermeulen, 1998). There is a possibility that this knowledge might not be available or exist (Johanson & Vahlne,11 1977), but it has become increasingly possible to recruit internationally experienced managers (Oviatt & McDougall, 1995).…”

Section: Indirect Experience: External Experiential Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The INV approach suggests that founding entrepreneurs and top management teams support a new firm's early internationalization with their particular prior knowledge, abilities and experience (Oviatt & McDougall, 1995). This is augmented with new knowledge acquired during the start up process, an experiential learning process which Huber (1991) calls 'congenital learning'.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources

Fletcher

Harris

2012

International Business Review

216

253

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Knowledge Acquisition for the Internationalization of the Smaller Firm: Content and SourcesInternationalization process research emphasizes accumulated experience and networks as sources of knowledge for internationalization. Our understanding, however, as to what this knowledge is in practice for smaller firms, the challenges they face in acquiring it, and how they address those challenges is limited. Integrating organizational learning concepts with our theoretical understanding of the small firm internationalization process, we develop a new framework for understanding knowledge acquisition processes, which are examined with a case study of ten Scottish internationalizing firms. We find smaller firms may not have relevant experience or useful networks, and rely on sources rarely recognised before. Firms used recruitment, government advisors and consultants to acquire indirect experience. Recruitment is a source of market and technological knowledge and government advisors and consultants a source of internationalization knowledge. Accessing internal information is important for firms that have internationalized. Our integrated theoretical framework identifies knowledge content and sources that are critical for internationalization, but that may be absent.

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Section: Technological Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indirect Experience: External Experiential Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources

Fletcher

Harris

2012

International Business Review

216

253

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“…Therefore, we consider 34 countries over a 4-year period to uncover trends across different economies. Entrepreneurship literature examining the early entry of new firms into foreign markets relates internationalization mainly to individual-level factors, such as entrepreneurs' international experience (Bloodgood et al 1996;McDougall et al 1994;Oviatt and McDougall 1995), or firm-level factors, such as entrepreneurial orientation or a technology or knowledge base (Autio et al 2000;Keeble et al 1998). Whereas this literature acknowledges the importance of macrolevel environmental conditions (e.g., economic integration, transportation advances) to explain the emergence of international start-ups (Bloodgood et al 1996;Knight and Cavusgil 1996;Oviatt and McDougall 1994;Rennie 1993), empirical contributions generally fail to include macrolevel factors as possible determinants of new ventures' international orientation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge spillovers and new ventures’ export orientation

2008

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We draw on the knowledge spillover literature to suggest that a country's proportion of export-oriented new ventures represents an outcome of knowledge spillovers that stem from foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade (export spillovers) as well as a source of knowledge spillovers (entrepreneurship spillovers). To test the hypotheses, we use macrolevel data from 34 countries during the period 2002-2005. We find that the relationship between FDI and international trade on the one hand and a country's proportion of exportoriented new ventures on the other differs for higher-and lower-income countries. In addition, a country's proportion of export-oriented new ventures affects the subsequent emergence of new businesses.

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“…Because all financial data are taken as of the fiscal year end following the new venture's IPO, the proceeds of the IPO are included in the assets figure. The logged format of this variable is included in the regressions.New ventures may internationalize in order to leverage the research and development (R&D) costs associated with creating innovative products across a greater market volume or to generate extra profits to sustain their large-scale R&D operations McDougall, 1995 andQian andLi, 2003). To control for this possibility, the R&D intensity (sales divided by R&D expenditures) of the new venture was included in the model as sourced via Compustat North America.…”

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confidence: 99%

International exposure through network relationships: Implications for new venture internationalization

Fernhaber

2013

Journal of Business Venturing

147

126

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Abstract:Drawing on the network literature and attention-based view, we examine the extent to which international exposure from key informal (geographically proximate firms) and formal (alliance partners) network relationships impacts new venture internationalization. Our findings are three-fold. First, international exposure from both types of network relationships positively influence new venture internationalization, and serve as substitutes for each other. Second, the effects differ based on the age of the venture. While older ventures benefit more from international exposure from alliance partners, younger ventures are more influenced by international exposure from geographically proximate firms. Third, our analysis confirms a three-way interactive effect of age and international exposure from informal and formal relationships on new venture internationalization.Keywords: New venture, Internationalization, Knowledge, Age Executive summaryThe importance of networking in the international context continues to escalate due to the increasing interdependencies between firms, countries and markets (Dunning, 1995). For new ventures that battle liabilities of foreignness and newness concurrently, the relevancy of networks is magnified even further (Johanson and Vahlne, 2009). Despite the growing literature stream on networks, there are three relatively ignored aspects of network relationships that could have significant implications for internationalizing ventures. First, although pioneering research on entrepreneurial networks has long recognized the differential benefits of informal versus formal networks (Birley, 1985), the implications of network relationship formality for internationalization remain understudied. Second, limited research has been conducted that moves beyond the extent of network relationships to alternatively consider the ability of those relationships to expose a venture to internationalization. International exposure is broadly defined as the extent to which a venture's management team comes into contact with international knowledge through prior experiences or network relationships. Third, it is unclear how the reliance on various network relationships potentially differs among younger and older ventures, despite the fact that the management literature frequently recognizes the evolutionary nature of ventures (e.g., Katz and Kahn, 1978, Lippitt and Schmidt, 1967, Quinn and Cameron, 1983and Scott, 1971).The purpose of this paper is to respond to these gaps in the literature. We explore if international exposure through informal and formal network relationships positively impacts the internationalization of new ventures, and if so, whether or not the relationship differs according to the age of the venture. The theoretical foundation for our research is the network literature supplemented by the attention-based view.Our analyses of 448 U.S.-based, high-growth ventures in high-technology industries offer a series of findings. First, international exposures from both formal (alliance partners) ...

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Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage

Cited by 379 publications

References 0 publications

Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources

Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources

Knowledge spillovers and new ventures’ export orientation

International exposure through network relationships: Implications for new venture internationalization

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