Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain

Carey, Manus; Meharg, Caroline; Marwa, Enerst M.; Xiao, Jiujin; Farias, Júlia Gomes; Silva, P. Mangala C.S. De; Signes-Pastor, Antonio J.; Lü, Ying; Nicoloso, Fernando Teixeira; Savage, Laurie; Campbell, Katrina; Elliott, Christopher T.; Adomako, Eureka; Green, Andrew; Moreno‐Jiménez, Eduardo; Triwardhani, Eridha Ayu; Pandiangan, Febbyandi Isnanda; Haris, Parvez I.; Lawgali, Youssef F.; Sommella, Alessia; Pigna, Massimo; Brabet, Catherine; Montēt, Didier; Njira, Keston; Watts, Michael J.; Meharg, Andrew A.

doi:10.1007/s12403-019-00330-y

Cited by 47 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…To consider how cadmium relates to arsenic, the other major global issue with respect to the global rice supply food-chain, median cadmium and inorganic arsenic concentrations were compiled from this survey of cadmium and related to arsenic speciation (Carey et al 2020) for countries were both parameters were available. The cadmium versus inorganic arsenic plot is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, having a unified dataset enables appropriate statistical interpretation of the data, which cannot be conducted from literature compilations, especially Fig. 4 Comparison, where available, for country medians for cadmium reported here and inorganic arsenic from Carey et al (2020) as individual sample concentrations are normally not presented. The strengths of the approach undertaken here and noted need to be balanced by the fact that many cadmium-in-rice surveys, including the current investigation, have generally unbalanced sampling designs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2007), the rest of the globe is either considered country-by-country (Adomako et al 2011;Joy et al 2017;Kato et al 2019;Pastorelli et al 2018;Rahman et al 2014;Sommella et al 2013; and other surveys compiled in Ke et al 2015) or with a limited inter-country overview (Meharg et al 2013). Here we intend to build from previous surveys (Adomako et al 2011;Meharg et al 2013;Joy et al 2017;Sommella et al 2013;Williams et al 2007) by integrating with these previous studies new cadmium data derived from a rice survey designed to represent the global supply-chain that has been characterised for arsenic speciation (Carey et al 2020). Importantly, these surveys cover Africa, south (S.) America, the Indian subcontinent and the south-east (S.E.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain

et al. 2020

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One of cadmium's major exposure routes to humans is through rice consumption. The concentrations of cadmium in the global polished (white), market rice supply-chain were assessed in 2270 samples, purchased from retailers across 32 countries, encompassing 6 continents. It was found on a global basis that East Africa had the lowest cadmium with a median for both Malawi and Tanzania at 4.9 μg/kg, an order of magnitude lower than the highest country, China with a median at 69.3 μg/ kg. The Americas were typically low in cadmium, but the Indian sub-continent was universally elevated. In particular certain regions of Bangladesh had high cadmium, that when combined with the high daily consumption rate of rice of that country, leads to high cadmium exposures. Concentrations of cadmium were compared to the European Standard for polished rice of 200 μg/kg and 5% of the global supply-chain exceeded this threshold. For the stricter standard of 40 μg/kg for processed infant foods, for which rice can comprise up to 100% by composition (such as rice porridges, puffed rice cereal and cakes), 25% of rice would not be suitable for making pure rice baby foods. Given that rice is also elevated in inorganic arsenic, the only region of the world where both inorganic arsenic and cadmium were low in grain was East Africa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain

et al. 2020

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“…Specialty Egyptian rice was purchased from Halal shops. The polished rice rain data were abstracted from a wider global survey of inorganic arsenic and cadmium in rice reported by Carey et al (2020) and Shi et al (2019), respectively, where sampling strategies and experimental design are outlined in full. Sampling frequencies are shown in relevant figures where individual data points are plotted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If parents want to feed children non-infant rice-based foods low in inorganic arsenic and cadmium, advice needs to be given as to what food items are suitable. Knowledge of what potential products are high or low in these toxicants is complicated by the fact that the geographic origin of rice effects both cadmium (Meharg et al 2013;Shi et al 2019) and inorganic arsenic (Meharg et al 2009;Carey et al 2020) content. Here we report cadmium inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice-based products available on the UK market, examining in particular in how non-infant food relates to that for infants, including rice grain by geographic origin, so that informed choices can be made by those responsible for the diets of children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants

Shi¹,

Carey²,

Davidson³

et al. 2020

Expo Health

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Cadmium in the diet is of concern as it is a renal toxicant and a carcinogen, with a half-life in the body measured in decades. Inorganic arsenic is a chronic carcinogen. For many subpopulations, rice and rice products may be the dominate source of cadmium and inorganic arsenic. In particular, rice porridge, cereal and cake are widely used to feed infants (children < 4.5 years old). In the EU standards for cadmium infant foods in general has been set at 40 μg/kg w.wt., and for inorganic arsenic in rice-based infant foods the standard is 100 μg/kg w.wt.. Here we report cadmium and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice products marketed for infants, and rice containing products that infants may eat but that are not specifically designated for infants. It was found that while rice-based infant foods conformed to the standards, their non-infant food (generic) analogues did not. Non-infant rice crackers and puffed rice cereals, in particular, had concentrations above these standards for both cadmium and inorganic arsenic. Polished pure rice grain purchased in the UK, but sourced from different countries, was also problematic. Basmati, Italian, Spanish and Thai rice, either exceeded one or the other of the cadmium and inorganic arsenic safety thresholds for infants, or both. Egyptian rice grain was particularly low for both toxins. Therefore, if those responsible for infants want to lower exposure to cadmium and inorganic arsenic, they should stick to foods specifically labeled for infants, or carefully source low cadmium and inorganic arsenic rice-based products that are not specifically labeled as being for infant consumption, or minimize exposure to rice-based foods.

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Environmental fate of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)—Part 1: Conceptual model

Eldan,

Masue‐Slowey

2024

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), the sodium salt of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), is used as a selective, broad‐spectrum contact herbicide to control weeds in cotton and a variety of turf. In water, MSMA dissociates into ions of sodium (Na+) and of MMA−, which is the herbicide's active component. Certain soil microorganisms can methylate MMA to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) other microorganisms can demethylate MMA to inorganic arsenic (iAs). To predict the groundwater concentration of iAs that may result from MSMA application, the processes affecting the environmental behavior of MSMA must be quantified and modeled. There is an extensive body of literature regarding the environmental behavior of MSMA. There is a consensus among scientists that the fate of MMA in soil is controlled by microbial activity and sorption to solid surfaces and that iAs sorption is even more extensive than that of MMA. The sorption and transformation of MMA and its metabolites are affected by several factors including aeration condition, temperature, pH, and the availability of nutrients. The precise nature and extent of each of these processes vary depending on site‐specific conditions; however, such variability is constrained in typical MSMA use areas that are highly managed. Monomethylarsonic acid is strongly sorbed on mineral surfaces and becomes sequestered into the soil matrix. Over time, a greater portion of MMA and iAs becomes immobile and unavailable to soil microorganisms and to leaching. This review synthesizes the results of studies that are relevant for the behavior of MSMA used as a herbicide to reliably predict the fate of MSMA in its use conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1–17. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain

Cited by 47 publications

References 29 publications

Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain

Rice Grain Cadmium Concentrations in the Global Supply-Chain

Avoiding Rice-Based Cadmium and Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Diets Through Selection of Products Low in Concentration of These Contaminants

Environmental fate of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)—Part 1: Conceptual model

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