Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests

Baker, Joanne; Ho, Mei‐Fong; Pelecanos, Anita; Gatton, Michelle L.; Chen, Nanhua; Abdullah, Salim; Albertini, Audrey; Ariey, Frédéric; Barnwell, John W.; Bell, David A.; Cunningham, Jane; Djallé, Djibrine; Echeverry, Diego F.; Gamboa, Dionicia; Hii, Jeffery; Kyaw, Myat Phone; Luchavez, Jennifer; Membi, Christopher; Ménard, Didier; Murillo, Claribel; Nhem, Sina; Ogutu, Bernhards; Onyor, Pamela; Oyibo, Wellington; Wang, Shan Qing; McCarthy, James S.; Cheng, Qin

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-129

Cited by 153 publications

(355 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…More recently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been introduced in the field. These tests detect malaria antigens, most commonly histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), which are antigens produced by most, but not all, P. falciparum parasites [7][8][9] . These diagnostics are easier to use and more reliable than microscopy, but have similar detection thresholds 10,11 .…”

Section: S95mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another form of targeting could take place at the population level (for example a village) where mass interventions are deployed if the population prevalence 1 , Amanda Ross* 2,3 , André Lin Ouédraogo 4,5 , Lisa J. White 6,7 , Chea Nguon Mass-screen-and-treat and targeted mass-drug-administration strategies are being considered as a means to interrupt transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, the effectiveness of such strategies will depend on the extent to which current and future diagnostics are able to detect those individuals who are infectious to mosquitoes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Slater

Ross

Ouédraogo

et al. 2015

Nature

128

143

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P lasmodium falciparum malaria was responsible for an estimated 584,000 (range 367,000-755,000) deaths in 2013, most of which occurred in young children in sub-Saharan Africa 1 . Although the burden has reduced in response to global efforts to increase the provision of proven malaria interventions such as insecticide-treated bed nets and access to health care and treatment 1 , it remains high. One of the challenges in reducing malaria transmission is the long duration of infection in the human host, which in semi-immune individuals may persist for a year or more 2 . In particular, although infection often leads to disease in naive individuals, those with sufficient acquired immunity can harbour parasites -and hence be onwardly infectious to mosquitoes -without exhibiting symptoms 3 . One option for speeding the decline in transmission could be to target the asymptomatic reservoir of infection 4 by providing either periodic mass-screen-and-treat (MSAT) programmes, focal MSAT or a reactive strategy in which individuals living in the vicinity of an identified clinical case are screened and treated. However, the extent to which such strategies are able to reduce the infectious reservoir will depend on the extent to which the diagnostic used to identify infected individuals also detects those who are onwardly infectious. Another form of targeting could take place at the population level (for example a village) where mass interventions are deployed if the population prevalence *These authors contributed equally.

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Section: S95mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Slater

Ross

Ouédraogo

et al. 2015

Nature

128

143

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“…[13][14][15][16] Additionally, although our health facility personnel were trained in the collection of specimens for RDTs, it is possible that human error in test performance may explain some of the false-negative RDT results. In any event, our results suggest the need in malaria elimination settings for development of more sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tools to ensure improved case detection of all major human malaria species in febrile patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of PCR Detectable Malaria Infection among Febrile Patients with a Negative Plasmodium falciparum Specific Rapid Diagnostic Test in Zanzibar

Baltzell¹,

Shakely²,

Hsiang³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We screened for malaria in 594 blood samples from febrile patients who tested negative by a Plasmodium falciparum-specific histidine-rich protein-2-based rapid diagnostic test at 12 health facilities in Zanzibar districts North A and Micheweni, from May to August 2010. Screening was with microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the cytochrome b gene (cytbPCR) of the four major human malaria species, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The prevalence of cytbPCR-detectable malaria infection was 2% (12 of 594), including 8 P. falciparum, 3 Plasmodium malariae, and 1 Plasmodium vivax infections. Microscopy identified 4 of 8 P. falciparum infections. Parasite density as estimated by microscopy or qPCR was 4,000 parasites/μL in 5 of 8 cytbPCR-detectable P. falciparum infections. The infections that were missed by the rapid diagnostic test represent a particular challenge in malaria elimination settings and highlight the need for more sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tools to improve case detection of all human malaria species in febrile patients.Zanzibar has been the site of a substantial recent effort to reduce the overall burden of malaria. With these efforts, the prevalence of parasitologically confirmed malaria infection among febrile children presenting at primary health care facilities in Zanzibar has decreased from~25% in 2003 1 to 2% in 2010 (Shakely and others, unpublished data). Historically, Plasmodium falciparum has played a dominant role in malarial illness in Zanzibar, and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, causing well over 90% of episodes of the disease 2,3 ; the remaining reported malaria infections in Zanzibar in recent years have been caused by Plasmodium malariae. 2Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect parasite antigens have improved the availability of parasite-based diagnosis for rural clinics in Africa. 4 However, the RDT currently used in most of sub-Saharan Africa and in Zanzibar at the time of this study detects histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2), which is specific to P. falciparum, and does not detect other species of malaria parasites. 5The availability of highly sensitive molecular techniques provides an opportunity to better characterize the species of Plasmodia causing malaria in regions of sub-Saharan Africa experiencing decreasing P. falciparum transmission. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detectable malaria infection among febrile patients with a negative P. falciparum-specific RDT in Zanzibar.Samples for this study were from an RDT effectiveness trial (Shakely and others, unpublished data) performed in 12 Zanzibar primary health care facilities, six each in North A and Micheweni districts over a 12-week period during the high transmission season from May to August 2010. Inclusion criteria in this study were: age 2 months, a measured axillary temperature 37.5 C or history of fever in the preceding 24 hours, and absence of any danger signs of severe disease. 6After obtaining informed written consent, dried b...

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“…The development of alternative diagnostic method like rapid diagnostic test, (RDTs) has made it possible to provide rapid and accurate detection of malaria parasites in remote areas where microscopy facility is not available. Several factors affect the performance of malaria RDTs which include test factors & parasite factors but genetic variability [12,13] and genetic deletion of these diagnostic antigens have been also questioned their sensitivity & reliability [14]. So, there is also an urgent need Volume 3 Issue 2 -2016 to develop new reliable diagnostic target of malaria parasite.…”

Section: Nuclear Peroxiredoxin As a Target For Rapid Diagnosis Of Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Peroxiredoxine: A promising Target for Drug & Diagnostic Solutions of Malaria

Kumar

Mishra

2016

JBMOA

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During development inside the erythrocytes, malaria parasites plasmodium have to face constant attack of oxidative stress build up by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced exogenously & endogenously. Plasmodium utilizes a unique antioxidant defense system for their survival against this oxidative attack. A recent report has characterized an unusual nuclear peroxiredoxine in Plasmodium falciparum, PfnPrx that has a broad specificity of substrate and having the ability to reduce peroxides from simple to complex one. Study revealed its association with chromatin of the parasite in genome wide manner which suggests an essential role in protection of nuclear DNA and expression throughout the erythrocytic stage. This mini review will discuss about the possibilities of P. falciparum nuclear peroxiredoxine as a potential target for drug discovery and development of diagnostic products of Malaria.

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Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests

Cited by 153 publications

References 38 publications

Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Prevalence of PCR Detectable Malaria Infection among Febrile Patients with a Negative Plasmodium falciparum Specific Rapid Diagnostic Test in Zanzibar

Nuclear Peroxiredoxine: A promising Target for Drug & Diagnostic Solutions of Malaria

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