“…The last 20 years saw a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of addiction, suggesting that addictive behaviors can take place in alternative realms which may not necessarily involve the use of substances (i.e., behavioral addictions; APA, 2013; Burleigh et al, 2019 , Demetrovics and Griffiths, 2012 , Griffiths, 1996 , Griffiths, 2005 , Griffiths, 2017 , Kardefelt-Winther et al, 2017 , Sixto-Costoya et al, 2021 , West and Brown, 2013 , Wong et al, 2012 ). These include a range of diverse behaviors such as excessive online gambling ( Griffiths, 1995 , Montiel et al, 2021 ), hypersexual activity ( Carnes, 1983 ; Krueger, 2016 ), problematic internet use ( Anderson et al, 2017 , Stavropoulos et al, 2013 , Van Rooij et al, 2017 ), disordered gaming ( Pontes et al, 2021 , Stavropoulos et al, 2019 ), problematic social media use ( Pontes et al, 2018 , Schivinski et al, 2020 ), compulsive shopping ( Andreassen et al, 2015 , Müller et al, 2021 ), and problematic exercising ( Beck Lichtenstein and Jensen, 2016 , Beck Lichtenstein et al, 2017 ).…”