Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide

Abstract

ObjectiveTo quantify global intakes of key foods related to non-communicable diseases in adults by region (n=21), country (n=187), age and sex, in 1990 and 2010.DesignWe searched and obtained individual-level intake data in 16 age/sex groups worldwide from 266 surveys across 113 countries. We combined these data with food balance sheets available in all nations and years. A hierarchical Bayesian model estimated mean food intake and associated uncertainty for each age-sex-country-year stratum, accounting for differences in intakes versus availability, survey methods and representativeness, and sampling and modelling uncertainty.Setting/populationGlobal adult population, by age, sex, country and time.ResultsIn 2010, global fruit intake was 81.3 g/day (95% uncertainty interval 78.9–83.7), with country-specific intakes ranging from 19.2–325.1 g/day; in only 2 countries (representing 0.4% of the world's population), mean intakes met recommended targets of ≥300 g/day. Country-specific vegetable intake ranged from 34.6–493.1 g/day (global mean=208.8 g/day); corresponding values for nuts/seeds were 0.2–152.7 g/day (8.9 g/day); for whole grains, 1.3–334.3 g/day (38.4 g/day); for seafood, 6.0–87.6 g/day (27.9 g/day); for red meats, 3.0–124.2 g/day (41.8 g/day); and for processed meats, 2.5–66.1 g/day (13.7 g/day). Mean national intakes met recommended targets in countries representing 0.4% of the global population for vegetables (≥400 g/day); 9.6% for nuts/seeds (≥4 (28.35 g) servings/week); 7.6% for whole grains (≥2.5 (50 g) servings/day); 4.4% for seafood (≥3.5 (100 g) servings/week); 20.3% for red meats (≤1 (100 g) serving/week); and 38.5% for processed meats (≤1 (50 g) serving/week). Intakes of healthful foods were generally higher and of less healthful foods generally lower at older ages. Intakes were generally similar by sex. Vegetable, seafood and processed meat intakes were stable over time; fruits, nuts/seeds and red meat, increased; and whole grains, decreased.ConclusionsThese global dietary data by nation, age and sex identify key challenges and opportunities for optimising diets, informing policies and priorities for improving global health.

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

“…Alcohol consumption has also had mixed trends across countries and regions (51). Other potential population-wide drivers of the decline in mean blood pressure which tend to improve with social and economic development include year-round availability of fruits and vegetables, which might increase the amount and regularity of their consumption (52); central heating at home and work which would lower winter blood pressure (53–55); and improvements in early childhood and adolescent nutrition, as seen in greater height in successive birth cohorts when they reach adulthood (23). A role for such distal determinants with life-course impacts is strengthened by the fact that blood pressure is also decreasing in adolescents in high-income countries and possibly some middle-income countries (56–60).…”

Obesity Association with Chronic Renal Disease in Patients attended at Clínica de la Costa. Barranquilla, Colombia. 2005-2014

“…Asociaciones similares se notaron entre sobrepeso y obesidad durante la adolescencia, y el riesgo de ERC severa durante la mediana edad 7 . Estudios que incluyeron adultos mayores con tiempos de seguimiento más cortos encontraron asociaciones más débiles entre obesidad y el riesgo de ERC severa [8][9][10] , sugiriendo que la asociación entre obesidad y el riesgo de ERC se limita a individuos con síndrome metabólico y/o hipertensión arterial.…”

“…Para 2030, se calcula un total de 1,12 millones de personas con obesidad 6 . En Latinoamérica se estima, según las cifras obtenidas del NHANES III (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III), que un 20% de los hombres y un 25% de las mujeres adultas presentaban obesidad en la década de los noventa, incrementándose su prevalencia a mayor edad (60-69 años) [7][8][9] .…”

Plasma vitamin C and mortality: the seasons are changing

“…Graphing food balance sheet data, the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed has changed over time (see figure 1). These ecological data have limitations regarding the within country variation,1 but secular patterns may be observed. In China, contrary to the other continents, fruit and vegetable supply appears to have greatly increased since the mid-80s (although extensive modelling estimates more modest increments1).…”

“…These ecological data have limitations regarding the within country variation,1 but secular patterns may be observed. In China, contrary to the other continents, fruit and vegetable supply appears to have greatly increased since the mid-80s (although extensive modelling estimates more modest increments1). Despite this, overall consumption in the reported study remains low and greatly season dependent up to 2000, as verified with a biomarker.…”