Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050

Holden, Brien A.; Fricke, Tim; Wilson, David A.; Jong, Monica; Naidoo, Kovin; Sankaridurg, Padmaja; Wong, Tien Yin; Naduvilath, Thomas; Resnikoff, Serge

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006

Cited by 3,262 publications

(2,814 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As a consequence, the prevalence of high myopia is also on the rise. It is said that by 2050, nearly 10% of the global population will have high myopia with the prevalence being much higher in Asian countries 20. And indeed, prevalence of high myopia is already high in many parts of Asia9, 10, 11, 21, 22 and is one of the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness in adults 23, 24, 25.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Zhao

Sankaridurg

et al. 2017

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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ImportanceNearly half of children suffering vision impairment reside in China with myopia accounting for the vast majority.BackgroundTo describe the design and methodology of the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large‐scale Eye Study (SCALE).DesignThe SCALE was a city wide, school‐based, prospective survey.ParticipantsChildren and adolescents aged 4–14 years from kindergarten (middle and senior), primary schools and junior high schools of all 17 districts and counties of the city of Shanghai, China were examined in 2012–2013.MethodsEach enrolled child underwent vision assessment (distance visual acuity; uncorrected and with corrective device if worn) and their parent/carer completed a questionnaire designed to elicit risk factors associated with myopia. Additionally, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular axial length was measured in a subset of the larger sample.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and the associated factors of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in Shanghai.ResultsIn 2012–2013, a total of 910 245 of the eligible 1 196 763 children and adolescents identified from census (76%, mean age 9.0 ± 2.7 years [4–14 years]) were enrolled with visual acuity screened in the city of Shanghai. Of these, 610 952 children (67% of the entire sample) underwent non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and 219 188 (24% of the entire sample) had both non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe study results will provide insights on the burden of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in children and adolescents in a metropolitan area of China, and contribute to the policies and strategies to address and limit the burden.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Zhao

Sankaridurg

et al. 2017

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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“…Myopic and especially highly myopic eyes are more susceptible to pathological ocular changes including cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachments and myopic macular degeneration, all of which can lead to legal blindness. HM is the fourth most common cause of irreversible vision loss and a public health problem imposing an enormous economic and social burden in many countries including western ones, China or Japan [7][8][9][10]. Despite active research the exact mechanisms that govern myopic eye growth are still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LRP2 A Myopic Hotspot between Environment and Genetics

Kozyraki¹

2017

AOVS

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Myopia is typically due to the excessive growth of the eye resulting in blurred vision of distant objects. High myopia (HM) and its associated pathologies, i.e glaucoma, retinal detachments or myopic retinopathy are important causes of vision loss especially in young adults and their incidence is constantly on the rise. The mechanisms that regulate myopic eye growth are poorly understood but inherited, environmental and behavioral factors may contribute to the development of HM. HM is a cardinal feature of the Donnai-Barrow syndrome (DBS), a rare autosomal recessive condition combining facial dysmorphology, sensorineural hearing loss and proteinuria. DBS is caused by mutations in LRP2 encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), a large endocytic receptor strongly expressed in the ocular epithelia and involved in the handling of various molecules including retinal, transthyretin, leptin or vitamin D. The ocular manifestations of DBS patients or mice lacking LRP2 specifically in the eye include excessively enlarged globes, increased axial length, retinal degeneration and detachments and normal intraocular pressure. Impaired formation of the endocytic apparatus is a common feature in the renal epithelia of DBS patients and the retinal pigment epithelium of the LRP2-deficient eyes suggesting that impaired transport or clearance of LRP2 ligands in the ocular tissues may be involved in myopia induction and progression. In this review we summarize current knowledge on myopia development and propose that modulating endocytosis of LRP2 and its ligands in the ocular tissues may be considered to prevent or control HM and its associated complications.

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“…Recent studies have showed that myopia incidence is more among Asian countries with the prevalence of 70-90%. 3 According to WHO-NPCB survey in 1989, 1.49% population is blind of which 7.35% is due to refractive error. In the study conducted in 2001 prevalence of myopia at an urban population was 7.45% and 4.1% in rural population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on prevalence of myopia and its associated factors in school children of Salem, Tamil Nadu

Ganapathi

Kokila

et al. 2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Myopia is the major refractive error having a worldwide prevalence of 1.5 billion. Children with Myopia feel difficulties in viewing blackboard in school; they avoid outdoor activities and get isolated from the peer groups. Untreated myopia may lead to Macular degeneration, Glaucoma, Cataract, Retinal detachment. Thus this study was carried out. The aim of the study to find out the prevalence of myopia among school children and its associated factors.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study carried out among students of government higher secondary school, Sarkar Kollapatti, Salem. Total sample size of 854 Students from class 6-12 was selected by simple random sampling. Students were examined by Snellen’s chart, non-cycloplegic auto refractometry and by pin hole test. Finally all data were entered in EPIDATA and analysed in IBM SPSS software version 20.Results: After complete analysis, prevalence of myopia was 11.7% of which 46% were boys and 54% were girls. Among students of age 8 to 19 years, the most common age group involved was 14-17 years of age followed by students of 10-13 years of age. Time spent on visual gadgets was the major factor associated with myopia. Familial predisposition, average amount of time a person spends on near work showed significant association with myopia.Conclusions: This study throws light on prevalence of myopia in semi-urban school children & various factors associated with myopia. Students with myopia were referred to Department of Ophthalmology, GMKMCH and thus they were prevented from further complications due to myopia and improve the academic performance.

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Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050

Abstract: Myopia and high myopia estimates from 2000 to 2050 suggest significant increases in prevalences globally, with implications for planning services, including managing and preventing myopia-related ocular complications and vision loss among almost 1 billion people with high myopia.

Cited by 3,262 publications

References 22 publications

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

LRP2 A Myopic Hotspot between Environment and Genetics

A study on prevalence of myopia and its associated factors in school children of Salem, Tamil Nadu

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