Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children

Song, Peige; Zhang, Yan; Yu, Jinyue; Zha, Mingming; Zhu, Yajie; Rahimi, Kazem; Rudan, Igor

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310

Cited by 430 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Furthermore, an upward trend in childhood hypertension has been observed during the past two decades, with a relative rate increase of 75% to 79% from 2000 to 2015. This increase in prevalence is expected to persist in the future [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure (BP), is a well-recognized risk factor for both cardiovascular and renal diseases in addition to a vast array of diseases contributing significantly to Nutrients 2020, 12, 1163 2 of 17 mortality [8,9]. Specifically, childhood hypertension poses a considerable public health challenge [10], and is associated with essential hypertension in adults and detrimental cardiovascular events [9,11]. Recent pooled estimates suggest the global prevalence of childhood hypertension has reached 4%, and that it is generally more common in adolescents undergoing puberty and children who are overweight or obese.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamin D Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abboud

2020

Nutrients

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Suboptimal vitamin D status is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. Whether vitamin D supplementation reduces BP remains unclear. To systematically review whether vitamin D supplementation reduces BP in children and adolescents, we conducted a literature review according to the PRISMA statement. We included vitamin-D supplementation human interventions studies that reported on BP as an outcome. We searched PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the clinical trials website. We also hand searched the references of the included articles and previous reviews of vitamin D therapy. No language or time restrictions were applied. We extracted data on population characteristics, baseline and endline vitamin D and BP values, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We performed a narrative review of the findings, conducted a meta-analysis when possible, and performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our results. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence produced in the meta-analysis. We included eight studies in our review and five studies in the meta-analysis, none of which included hypertensive only participants. The risk of bias was variable. In non-randomized studies, no effect of vitamin D supplementation was seen on systolic BP (SBP) (mean difference: 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.9; 1.68) mmHg; p = 0.55; I2 = 0%). Only a significant decrease in diastolic BP (DBP) (mean difference: −1.87 (95% CI: −3.02; −0.72) mmHg; p = 0.001; I2 = 0%) was noted. Both analyses had a low quality of evidence. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), no effect was noted on SBP (mean difference: −2.04 (95% CI: −5.12; 1.04) mmHg; p = 0.19; I2 = 71%) nor DBP (mean difference: 0.01 (95% CI: −1.09; 1.12) mmHg; p = 0.98; I2 = 0%). The final quality of evidence ranged between low and moderate. Sensitivity analyses did not affect the results. Vitamin D supplementation was found to be ineffective in lowering SBP and DBP in children and adolescents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abboud

2020

Nutrients

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“…Hesitancy of referral should therefore not be a factor in obese children. In a recent meta-analysis, the prevalence of hypertension for obese children was 15.27%, 4.99% for overweight children, and only 1.90% in normal weight children [7]. In other words, one of six obese children or adolescents has hypertension.…”

Section: What Are the Reasons For The Late Referral?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to the obesity pandemic, hypertension is on the rise among children [7] around the globe. Obesity is a major predictor of childhood hypertension, and in younger children more so than other known risk factors such as low birth weight [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Late referrals of pediatric patients with elevated blood pressure

Filler

Torres‐Canchala

2020

Pediatr Nephrol

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“…Obesity [1] and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) [2] are public health problems with an increasing prevalence in children and adolescents worldwide. Between 1975 and 2016, obesity in children and adolescents (5-19 years) increased more than tenfold, from 11 million to around 124 million in the world [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food Be Associated with Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Blood Pressure in Children 7 to 10 Years Old?

Oliveira

Ribeiro

Santos

et al. 2020

Foods

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The consumption of ultra-processed foods plays an important role in the development of obesity and hypertension. The present study investigated the association between consumption of food according to the degree of processing and anthropometric indicators of obesity and blood pressure in children. This is a cross-sectional study with 164 children aged 7–10 years. The body mass index (BMI) for age, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was evaluated. Food consumption was analyzed by three 24-h dietary recalls, and classified as: G1—unprocessed or minimally processed; G2—culinary ingredients and processed food; and G3—ultra-processed food. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the associations among variables. The average energy consumption was 1762.76 kcal/day, split into 45.42%, 10.88%, and 43.70%, provided by G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Adjusted linear regression analyses identified that the caloric contribution of G1 was inversely associated with DBP, showing that for each 10% increase in the energy intake of minimally processed foods, there was a reduction of 0.96 mmHg in the DBP (β:−0.10; 95% CI:−0.19 to −0.01; r2 = 0.20). There was no association between the caloric contribution of food groups and BMI, WC, WHtR, and SBP. Increasing consumption of G1 could be a strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in schoolchildren.

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Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children

Cited by 430 publications

References 47 publications

Vitamin D Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vitamin D Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Late referrals of pediatric patients with elevated blood pressure

Can the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food Be Associated with Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Blood Pressure in Children 7 to 10 Years Old?

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