Global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged with a high transmissibility rate and resulted in numerous negative impacts on global life. Preventive measures such as facial masks, social distancing, and vaccination helped control the pandemic. Nonetheless, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Omega and Delta, as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinfection, raise additional concerns. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of reinfection on global and regional scales. Methods A systematic search was conducted across three databases, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest Central, including all articles pertaining to COVID-19 reinfection without language restriction. After critical appraisal and qualitative synthesis of the identified relevant articles, a meta-analysis considering random effects was used to pool the studies. Results We included 52 studies conducted between 2019 and 2022, with a total sample size of 3,623,655 patients. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 reinfection was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7–4.8%; n = 52), with high heterogeneity between studies. Africa had the highest prevalence of 4.7% (95% CI: 1.9–7.5%; n = 3), whereas Oceania and America had lower estimates of 0.3% (95% CI: 0.2–0.4%; n = 1) and 1% (95% CI: 0.8–1.3%; n = 7), respectively. The prevalence of reinfection in Europe and Asia was 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8–1.5%; n = 8) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.4–4.3%; n = 43), respectively. Studies that used a combined type of specimen had the highest prevalence of 7.6% (95% CI: 5.8–9.5%; n = 15) compared with those that used oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs only that had lower estimates of 6.7% (95% CI: 4.8–8.5%; n = 8), and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.8–4.0%; n = 12) respectively. Conclusion COVID-19 reinfection occurs with varying prevalence worldwide, with the highest occurring in Africa. Therefore, preventive measures, including vaccination, should be emphasized to ensure control of the pandemic.

Incidence, risk factors, and clinical symptom profile of reinfection during Omicron-dominated COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong: A retrospective cohort study

“…Apart from reinfection incidence, previous studies have identified several common risk factors associated with reinfection, such as gender, age, and vaccination status, with a particular focus on vaccination against reinfection [11,[15][16][17]. However, other crucial factors that may influence reinfection risk, such as 5 physicians (CMPs) and research assistants (RAs) between November 21, 2022, and January 20, 2023.…”