Global Prevalence of Comorbidities and Disease Severity and Mortality in Association With Geographic Region, Gender, Age and Smoking Status in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Chenchula, Santenna; Vidyasagar, Kota; Pathan, Saman; Sharma, Sushil; Chavan, Madhavrao; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Manjula, M V; Padmavathi, R.; Chhabra, Manik; Gupta, Rupesh; Amerneni, krishnachaitanya

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4045946

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Hence, individuals with obesity with excessive adipose tissue have an increased number of ACE2‐expressing cells and are consequently more susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection 199 . In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 also uses the adipose tissue as a reservoir to affect other parts of the body, which could slow down virus clearance, thus explaining the longer RT‐PCR positivity and more severe COVID‐19 disease in patients with obesity 203 . Obesity is also a strong risk factor for comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cancer, and chronic lung diseases, which are associated with the severe clinical course of COVID‐19 and increased mortality 203,204 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…199 In addition, SARS-CoV-2 also uses the adipose tissue as a reservoir to affect other parts of the body, which could slow down virus clearance, thus explaining the longer RT-PCR positivity and more severe COVID-19 disease in patients with obesity. 203 Obesity is also a strong risk factor for comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cancer, and chronic lung diseases, which are associated with the severe clinical course of COVID-19 and increased mortality. 203,204 Obesity decreases the concentration of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, and increases the levels of leptin, a pro-inflammatory adipokine that upregulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: Heterogeneity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…203 Obesity is also a strong risk factor for comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cancer, and chronic lung diseases, which are associated with the severe clinical course of COVID-19 and increased mortality. 203,204 Obesity decreases the concentration of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, and increases the levels of leptin, a pro-inflammatory adipokine that upregulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 205,206 Apart from leptin, other proinflammatory cytokines that are more prevalent in patients with obesity include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL8, CRP, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1β, LDH, and ferritin.…”

Section: Heterogeneity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their effect on COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization among younger than 50 years versus older than 50 years population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2023

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SummaryCohort studies have shown that both overweight and obesity have their impact by increasing hospitalization with COVID‐19. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and MedRxiv databases following the PRISMA guidelines. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software version 16 MP (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) and Med Calc software version 22.009(Med Calc software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium). The primary outcome was to measure the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their impact on the risk of hospitalization among COVID‐19 patients under and above 50 years of age. In total, 184 studies involving 2,365,377 patients were included. The prevalence of overweight was highest among those younger than 50 years of age over those older than 50 years of age, (26.33% vs. 30.46%), but there was no difference in obesity (36.30% vs. 36.02%). Overall, the pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients was 31.0% and 36.26%, respectively. Compared with normal weight, the odds of hospitalization with overweight (odds ratio [OR] 2.186, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.19, 3.99], p < 0.01) and obesity (OR 3.069, 95% CI [1.67, 5.61], p < 0.001) in those younger than 50 years and obesity (OR 3.977, 95% CI [2.75, 5.73], p < 0.001) in the older than 50 years age group were significantly high. The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among the under 50 years age group and obesity among the older than 50 years age group significantly increased the rate of COVID‐19 infections, severity and hospitalization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterogeneity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterogeneity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their effect on COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization among younger than 50 years versus older than 50 years population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2023

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“…However, vaccine‐induced neutralising antibodies are observed to have reduced effectiveness against almost all Omicron variants, and booster doses significantly enhance the cellular immune system against these variants, reducing the risk of future reinfection and safeguarding the population from severe COVID‐19 and death 22–30 . Nevertheless, the effectiveness and durability of the first booster dose diminish over time against infection with Omicron subvariants containing additional mutations in their respective spike proteins, leading to increased antibody evasion 22–30 . This complexity may further compound the situation, particularly when vaccine options are relatively limited in the general population 3–5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity, clinical efficacy and safety of additional second COVID‐19 booster vaccines against Omicron and its subvariants: A systematic review

Chenchula,

Chandra,

Adusumilli

et al. 2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new variant of concern (VOC) and an emerging subvariant that exhibits heightened infectivity, transmissibility, and immune evasion, escalating the incidence of moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). It resists monoclonal antibodies and diminishes vaccine efficacy. Notably, new sublineages have outpaced earlier predominant sublineages. Although the primary vaccination series and initial boosters were robust against previous VOCs, their efficacy waned against Omicron and its subvariants. In this systematic review, we assessed real‐world evidence on the immunogenicity, clinical efficacy, and safety of a second booster or fourth COVID‐19 vaccine dose against the Omicron VOC and its subvariants. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, bioRxiv, and medRxiv, and relevant studies published between 2022 and 30 May 2023 were reviewed. We found a total of 40 relevant articles focusing on a second booster dose for COVID‐19, including clinical trials and observational studies, involving 3,972,856 patients. The results consistently revealed that an additional second booster dose restored and prolonged waning immunity, activating both humoral and cellular responses against Omicron and its subvariants. A second booster treatment correlated with enduring protection against COVID‐19, notably preventing substantial symptomatic disease and mortality associated with severe Omicron infection. Both monovalent messenger RNA (mRNA) and nonmRNA vaccines demonstrated similar efficacy and safety, with bivalent mRNA vaccines exhibiting broader protection against emerging subvariants of Omicron. The safety profiles of second booster were favourable with only mild systemic and local symptoms reported in some recipients. In conclusion, this systematic review underscores the additional COVID‐19 vaccine boosters, particularly with bivalent or multivalent mRNA vaccines, for countering the highly infectious emerging subvariants of Omicron.

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“…In severe cases, the treatment options are still limited, and the emergence of new virus variants makes it even more difficult to develop new therapies. The occurrence of co-factors, including sex [3], age [4], and comorbidities [5], significantly affects the course of the disease and also influences the therapeutic response. Novel therapeutic approaches are therefore needed to better manage viral infections such as COVID- 19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Sponge-Derived Secondary Metabolites Modulate SARS-CoV-2 Entry Mechanisms

Steenblock,

Richter,

Lindemann

et al. 2023

Horm Metab Res

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The emergence of SARS-CoV 2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in numerous global infections and deaths. In particular, people with metabolic diseases display an increased risk of severe COVID 19 and a fatal outcome. Treatment options for severe cases are limited, and the appearance of new virus variants complicates the development of novel therapies. To better manage viral infections like COVID 19, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Marine sponges offer a natural and renewable source of unique bioactive agents. These sponges produce secondary metabolites with various effects, including anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic properties. In the current study, we investigated the effect of five different marine sponge-derived secondary metabolites (four bromotyrosines and one sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone). Two of these, Avarol and Acetyl-dibromoverongiaquinol reduced the expression of ACE2, the main receptor for SARS-CoV 2, and the alternative receptor NRP1. Moreover, these substances derived from sponges demonstrated the ability to diminish the virus titer in SARS-CoV 2-infected cells, especially concerning the Omicron lineage. However, the reduction was not substantial enough to expect a significant impact on infected humans. Consequently, the investigated sponge-derived secondary metabolites are not likely to be effective to treat COVID 19 as a stand-alone therapy.

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Global Prevalence of Comorbidities and Disease Severity and Mortality in Association With Geographic Region, Gender, Age and Smoking Status in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their effect on COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization among younger than 50 years versus older than 50 years population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their effect on COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization among younger than 50 years versus older than 50 years population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Immunogenicity, clinical efficacy and safety of additional second COVID‐19 booster vaccines against Omicron and its subvariants: A systematic review

Marine Sponge-Derived Secondary Metabolites Modulate SARS-CoV-2 Entry Mechanisms

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