Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study

Razavi‐Shearer, Devin; Gamkrelidze, Ivane; Pan, Calvin Q.; Jia, Jidong; Berg, Thomas; Gray, Richard T.; Lim, Young‐Suk; Chen, Chien‐Jen; Ocama, Ponsiano; Desalegn, Hailemichael; Abbas, Zaigham; Abdallah, Ayat R.; Aghemo, Alessio; Ahmadbekova, Sabohat; Ahn, Sang Hoon; Aho, Inka; Akarca, Ulus Salih; Masri, Nasser Al; Alalwan, Abduljaleel; Alavian, Seyed Moayed; Al-Busafi, Said A.; Aleman, Soo; Al-Faleh, Faleh Z.; Alghamdi, Abdullah S; Al–Hamoudi, Waleed; Aljumah, Abdulrahman; Al-Naamani, Khalid; Al‐Rifai, Ahmad; AlSerkal, Yousif; Altraif, Ibrahim; Jazag, Amarsanaa; Anderson, Motswedi; Andersson, Monique; Armstrong, Paige A.; Asselah, Tarik; Athanasakis, Kostas; Baatarkhuu, Oidov; Ben‐Ari, Ziv; Bensalem, Aïcha; Bessone, Fernando; Biondi, Mia J; Bizri, Abdul Rahman; Blach, Sarah; Braga, Wornei Silva Miranda; Brandão‐Mello, Carlos Eduardo; Brosgart, Carol; Brown, Kimberly; Brown, Robert S.; Bruggmann, Philip; Brunetto, M.R.; Buti, Marı́a; Cabezas, Joaquín; Casanovas, Teresa; Chae, Chungman; Chan, Henry Lik Yuen; Cheinquer, Hugo; Chen, Pei‐Jer; Cheng, Kent Jason G.; Cheon, Myeong-Eun; Chien, Cheng‐Hung; Choudhuri, Gourdas; Christensen, Peer Brehm; Chuang, Wan‐Long; Chulanov, Vladimir; Cisneros, Laura; Coffin, Carla S.; Contreras, F.; Coppola, Nicola; Cornberg, Markus; Cowie, Benjamin C; Cramp, Matthew; Craxı̀, Antonio; Crespo, Javier; Cui, Fuqiang; Cunningham, Chris; Dalgård, Olav; Knegt, Robert J. de; Lédinghen, Victor de; Dore, Gregory J.; Dražilová, Sylvia; Duberg, Ann‐Sofi; Egeonu, Steve S; Elbadri, Mohammed; Kassas, Mohamed El; El-Sayed, Manal Hamdy; Estes, Chris; Etzion, Ohad; Farag, Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd; Ferradini, Laurent; Ferreira, Paulo Roberto Abrão; Flisiak, Robert; Forns, Xavier; Fraňková, Soňa; Fung, James; Gane, Edward; Garcia, Virginia; García-Samaniego, Javier; Gemilyan, Manik; Genov, Jordan; Gheorghe, L.; Gholam, Pierre M.; Gish, Robert G.; Goleij, Pouya; Gottfreðsson, Magnús; Grebely, Jason; Gschwantler, Michael; Guingane, Nanelin Alice; Hajarizadeh, Behzad; Salehiniya, Hamid; Hamoudi, Waseem; Harris, Aaron M.; Hasan, Irsan; Hatzakis, Angelos; Hellard, Margaret; Hercun, Julian; Hernández, Javier; Hockicková, Ivana; Hsu, Yao-Chun; Hu, Ching-Chih; Husa, Petr; Janíčko, Martin; Janjua, Naveed Z.; Jarčuška, Peter; Jaroszewicz, Jerzy; Jelev, Deian; Jēruma, Agita; Johannessen, Asgeir; Kåberg, Martin; Kaita, Kelly; Kaliaskarova, Kulpash; Kao, Jia‐Horng; Kelly‐Hanku, Angela; Khamis, Faryal; Khan, Aamir Ghafoor; Kheir, Omer; Khoudri, Ibtissam; Kondili, Loreta A.; Konysbekova, Aliya; Kristián, Pavol; Kwon, Jisoo; Lagging, Martin; Laleman, Wim; Lampertico, Pietro; Lavanchy, Daniel; Lázaro, Pablo; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Lee, Alice; Lee, Mei-Hsuan; Liakina, Valentina; Lukšić, Boris; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malu, Abraham O.; Marinho, Rui Tato; Mendes-Corrêa, Maria Cássia; Merat, Shahin; Meshesha, Berhane Redae; Midgard, Håvard; Mohamed, Rosmawati; Mokhbat, Jacques; Mooneyhan, Ellen; Moreno, Christophe; Mortgat, Laure; Müllhaupt, Beat; Musabaev, Erkin; Muyldermans, Gaëtan; Naveira, Marcelo Contardo Moscoso; Negro, Francesco; Nersesov, Alexander; Nguyen, Van Thi Thuy; Ning, Qing; Njouom, Richard; Ntagirabiri, R.; Нурматов, З. Ш.; Oguche, Stephen; Omuemu, C; Ong, Janus P.; Opare-Sem, Ohene; Örmeci, Necati; Orrego, Mauricio; Osiowy, Carla; Papatheodoridis, George V.; Peck‐Radosavljevic, Markus; Pessôa, Mário; Pham, Thuy Thi Thu; Phillips, Richard Odame; Pimenov, Nikolay; Pincay-Rodríguez, Loreley; Plaseska‐Karanfilska, Dijana; Pop, Cora; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabdial-Sing, Nishi; Qureshi, Huma; Ramji, Alnoor; Rautiainen, Henna; Razavi‐Shearer, Kathryn; Remak, William; Ribeiro, Sofia; Ridruejo, Ezequiel; Ríos-Hincapié, Cielo Y.; Robalino, Marcia; Roberts, Lewis R.; Roberts, Stuart K.; Rodrı́guez, Manuel; Roulot, Dominique; Rwegasha, John; Ryder, Stephen; Sadirova, Shakhlo; Saeed, Umar; Safadi, Rifaat; Sagalova, Olga; Said, Sanaa; Salupere, Riina; Sanai, Faisal M.; Ávila, Juan Francisco Sánchez; Saraswat, Vivek A.; Sargsyants, Narina; Sarrazin, Christoph; Sarybayeva, Gulya; Schréter, Ivan; Seguin-Devaux, Carole; Seto, Wai‐Kay; Shah, Samir; Sharara, Ala I.; Sheikh, Mahdi; Shouval, Daniel; Sievert, William; Simojoki, Kaarlo; Simonova, Marieta; Sinn, Dong Hyun; Sonderup, Mark; Sonneveld, Milan J.; Spearman, C Wendy; Šperl, Jan; Stauber, Rudolf; Stedman, Catherine; Sypsa, Vana; Tacke, Frank; Tan, Soek‐Siam; Tanaka, Junko; Tergast, Tammo L.; Terrault, Norah A.; Thompson, Alexander; Thompson, Peyton; Tolmane, Ieva; Tomasiewicz, Krzysztof; Tsang, Tak-Yin; Uzochukwu, Benjamin; Welzen, Berend Van; Vanwolleghem, Thomas; Vince, Adriana; Voeller, Alexis; Waheed, Yasir; Waked, Imam; Wallace, Jack; Wang, Cong; Weis, Nina; Wong, Grace Lai–Hung; Wong, Vincent Wai‐Sun; Wu, Jaw–Ching; Yaghi, César; Yesmembetov, Kakharman; Yip, Terry Cheuk‐Fung; Yosry, Ayman; Yu, Ming‐Lung; Yuen, Man‐Fung; Yurdaydın, Cihan; Zeuzem, Stefan; Zuckerman, Eli; Razavi, Homie

doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00197-8

Cited by 83 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Roughly two billion people have been exposed to HBV globally ( Figure 1 ). Although acute HBV infection is controlled by the majority of adults, over 250 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B [ 1 ], and more than 800,000 patients die each year due to hepatitis B complications, including liver cancer [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asia and Africa are the regions with the largest number of patients with chronic hepatitis B ( Figure 2 ). Approximately a half live in three countries: China, India, and Indonesia [ 1 ]. In Western countries, migration flows from HBV-endemic regions largely account for most new chronic hepatitis B diagnoses [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the absence of treatment, the lifetime risk of developing cirrhosis or liver cancer is 30–40% in patients with chronic hepatitis B [ 1 ]. Interferon alfa was the first drug used as HBV therapy, but its limited efficacy and frequent side effects have precluded its wider use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally

Soriano,

Moreno-Torres,

Treviño

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly prevalent globally. Over 250 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B, and more than 800,000 patients die each year due to hepatitis B complications, including liver cancer. Although protective HBV vaccines are recommended for all newborns, global coverage is suboptimal. In adults, sexual transmission is by far the most frequent route of contagion. The WHO estimates that 1.5 million new HBV infections occur annually. Oral nucleos(t)ide analogues entecavir and tenofovir are the most frequent antivirals prescribed as HBV therapy. Almost all patients adherent to the medication achieve undetectable plasma viremia beyond 6 months of monotherapy. However, less than 5% achieve anti-HBs seroconversion, and viral rebound occurs following drug discontinuation. Therefore, nucleos(t)ide analogues need to be lifelong. New long-acting formulations of tenofovir and entecavir are being developed that will maximize treatment benefit and overcome adherence barriers. Furthermore, new antiviral agents are in development, including entry inhibitors, capside assembly modulators, and RNA interference molecules. The use of combination therapy pursues a functional HBV cure, meaning it is negative for both circulating HBV-DNA and HBsAg. Even when this goal is achieved, the cccDNA reservoir within infected hepatocytes remains a signal of past infection, and HBV can reactivate under immune suppression. Therefore, new gene therapies, including gene editing, are eagerly being pursued to silence or definitively disrupt HBV genomes within infected hepatocytes and, in this way, ultimately cure hepatitis B. At this time, three actions can be taken to push HBV eradication globally: (1) expand universal newborn HBV vaccination; (2) perform once-in-life testing of all adults to identify susceptible HBV persons that could be vaccinated (or re-vaccinated) and unveil asymptomatic carriers that could benefit from treatment; and (3) provide earlier antiviral therapy to chronic HBV carriers, as being aviremic reduces the risk of both clinical progression and transmission.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally

Soriano,

Moreno-Torres,

Treviño

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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“…Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem, and chronic HBV infection significantly increases the risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients [ 1 ]. The research report by Polaris Observatory Collaborators indicates that the global HBV prevalence in 2022 is estimated to be 3.2%, corresponding to 257.5 million HBsAg-positive individuals [ 2 ]. In China, the prevalence of HBsAg among the general population in 2021 was 3%, and the estimated chronic HBV infection was 43.3 million [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Measurement of Serum HBcrAg Can Be Used to Assess the Feasibility of Safe Discontinuation of Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B

Wang,

Tang,

Chen

2024

Viruses

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem, and chronic HBV infection significantly increases the risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma in patients. Current first-line therapeutics such as nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferons are unable to completely clear cccDNA, so the vast majority of patients need to take long-term or even lifelong medication. However, long-term virological and biochemical responses can be achieved in some patients after drug withdrawal. Successfully screening these patients with drug withdrawal advantages is difficult. Hepatitis-B-core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is a new HBV serological marker that which can reflect the level and transcription activity of cccDNA in hepatocytes. Therefore, HBcrAg has potential value in guiding patients in drug withdrawal. This review summarizes previous reports on HBcrAg and evaluates the application value of HBcrAg in safe drug discontinuation.

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“…To the Editor, The number of patients with liver disease exceeds 400 million in China. 1 All types of hepatitis can progress to cirrhosis, and the severity of portal hypertension is a crucial factor affecting patients' clinical prognosis. 2 In 2022, Chinese scientific researchers have made progress in the field of cirrhosis and portal hypertension.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten important original articles in the field of cirrhosis and portal hypertension from China

2023

Portal Hypertension & Cirrhosis

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Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study

Cited by 83 publications

References 36 publications

Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally

Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally

Quantitative Measurement of Serum HBcrAg Can Be Used to Assess the Feasibility of Safe Discontinuation of Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B

Ten important original articles in the field of cirrhosis and portal hypertension from China

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