Global prevalence and epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is not well understood with data available on prevalence primarily focused on humans. To increase knowledge on prevalence, this review and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the global status of S. stercoralis infections in dogs. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, online literature published prior to November 2020 was obtained from multiple databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country income and climate, and in stray/animal shelter dogs versus owned dogs. Statistical analyses were conducted using R-software (version 3.6.1). Results From 9428 articles, 61 met the inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was 6% (95% CI 3–9%). Infection was found to be the most prevalent in low-income countries with pooled prevalence of 22% (95% CI 10–36%). The highest pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was related to regions with average temperature of 10–20 °C (6%; 95% CI 3–11%), an annual rainfall of 1001–1500 mm (9%; 95% CI 4–15%) and humidity of 40–75% (8%; 95% CI 4–13%). Prevalence was higher in stray and shelter dogs (11%; 95% CI 1–26%) than in owned dogs (3%; 95% CI 1–7%). Conclusions As with S. stercoralis in humans, higher prevalence in dogs is found in subtropical and tropical regions and lower-income countries, locations which also can have high dog populations. While this study presents the first estimated global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs, it is potentially an underestimation with 15 of 61 studies relying on diagnostic methods of lower sensitivity and a paucity of data from most locations. Standardized protocols (e.g. quantity of feces and number of samples for a Baermann) in future studies could improve reliability of results. More prevalence studies and raising veterinary awareness of S. stercoralis are needed for a One Health approach to protect humans and dogs from the impact of the infection. Graphical Abstract

Global prevalence of Trichinella in pigs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…A Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale for cross‐sectional studies was employed to evaluate the quality of the included studies (Modesti et al., 2016 ; Badri, Olfatifar, Karim et al., 2022 ). Briefly, the scores were assigned based on the three following domains: selection (maximum of five stars), comparability (maximum of two stars), and outcome (maximum of three stars) (Eslahi, Hashemipour et al., 2022 ; Badri, Olfatifar, Wandra et al., 2022 ; Mirzadeh et al., 2021 .…”

“…How to cite this article: Eslahi, A. V., KarimiPourSaryazdi, A., Olfatifar, M., de Carvalho, L. M. M., Foroutan, M., Karim, M. R., Badri, M., & Ketzis, J. K. (2022). Global prevalence of Trichinella in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis.…”

The global prevalence of Spirometra parasites in snakes, frogs, dogs, and cats: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…A Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was implemented for quality assessment of the included studies (Supplementary Table S1 ) (Modesti et al., 2016 ). Scoring was based on three following items: selection (maximum of 5 stars), comparability (maximum of 2 stars) and outcome (maximum of 3 stars) (Badri et al., 2022 ; Eslahi et al., 2021 ; Eslahi et al., 2022 ; Mirzadeh et al., 2021 )…”

Using newly optimized genetic tools to probe Strongyloides sensory behaviors

“…, farmers and coal miners) [5] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] . The host range of S. stercoralis includes humans, non-human primates, dogs, and cats; zoonotic infections have been described and dogs are suggested to be an important reservoir of disease [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] .…”