Global patterns and correlates in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in humans

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, and drivers of the emergence of novel strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans are poorly understood at the global scale. We examined correlates of AMR emergence in humans using global data on the origins of novel strains of AMR bacteria from 2006 to 2017, human and livestock antibiotic use, country economic activity and reporting bias indicators. We found that AMR emergence is positively correlated with antibiotic consumption in humans. However, the relationship between AMR emergence and antibiotic consumption in livestock is modified by gross domestic product (GDP), with only higher GDP countries showing a slight positive association, a finding that differs from previous studies on the drivers of AMR prevalence. We also found that human travel may play a role in AMR emergence, likely driving the spread of novel AMR strains into countries where they are subsequently detected for the first time. Finally, we used our model to generate a country-level map of the global distribution of predicted AMR emergence risk, and compared these findings against reported AMR emergence to identify gaps in surveillance that can be used to direct prevention and intervention policies.

Bovine colostrum and multidrug resistance: One Health Vision for human consumption

“…The One Health concept nds practical application in several areas, namely in outbreak investigation, surveillance of zoonotic diseases and assessment of biosecurity risks associated with the interface between humans and animals ( Like milk, BC appears as a new product of animal origin that can also transmit (MDR) to humans and calves if it is not fully processed, however there are few speci c studies on MDR in BC. In studies with raw milk, bacteria from the animal's microbiota often acquire resistance to ATBs that are administered to animals for better development or nutritional e cacy and these MDRs can transfer resistance genes when consuming the milk (Tóth et al, 2020), even Although this practice is prohibited in many countries, it continues to be used to improve animal development and treat diseases (Mendelsohn et al, 2023;Van Boeckel et al, 2015). Therefore, it is clear that there is a possibility of BC being a carrier of MDR based on the results found in our study with 28.13% of MDR in new isolates among the 32 bacterial samples which were: Escherichia spp., S. aureus sub aureus with less than 35% and S. aureus, S.lutrae, S. coagulase negative, S.intermedius with more than 50%, which showed greater resistance in the following classes of ATB: Penicillins, Lincosamines, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Macrolides, Rifampicin, Aminoglycosides, Oxalidinones and Carbamazepines.…”

Spread and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance at the wildlife-urban and wildlife-livestock interfaces

“…Antimicrobial use in humans is likely the most prominent driver of the most clinically important bug-drug combinations in human medicine. 12 In at least production animal settings, veterinary AMU similarly seems to be the strongest correlate of AMR in animals. 13 Given that antimicrobials are not used at scale in wildlife, one might conclude they are net recipients of AMR, though evidence is still emerging and must be considered on a case-by-case basis.…”

Public Health Implications of Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife at the One Health Interface

“…Therefore, AMR spread by wildlife could become an issue mainly in target populations where AMR is inexistent or has been reduced to low levels relative to the potential spillover of AMR from wildlife. In fact, this is likely already generated by human transport across the globe [25]. A more environmental perspective on AMR considers it as 'environmental pollution' [26,27] and addresses the need for AMR surveillance in 'sentinel' wildlife as a method to monitor the impact of human activities on natural environments.…”