Global ocean carbonate and carbon dioxide production; the role of reef Foraminifera

Langer, Martin R.; Silk, Michelle T.; Lipps, Jere H.

doi:10.2113/gsjfr.27.4.271

Cited by 142 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…These Foraminifera can be the main carbonate producers in reef moats (Yamanouchi 1998), lagoons (Ujiie and Ono 1995) and deeper slopes (Ujiie and Shioya 1980) in the surrounding of coral reefs (Langer et al 1997). Members of the genus Nummulites, the closest relative to Palaeonummulites, constructed large carbonate buildups in the geological past, especially during the Eocene (Racey 2001 and references therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, chamber building rate and reproduction time of Palaeonummulites venosus (Foraminifera) under natural conditions

et al. 2017

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We investigated the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifer Palaeonummulites venosus to determine the chamber building rate (CBR), test diameter increase rate (DIR), reproduction time and longevity using the 'natural laboratory' approach. This is based on the decomposition of monthly obtained frequency distributions of chamber number and test diameter into normally distributed components. Test measurements were taken using MicroCT. The shift of the mean and standard deviation of component parameters during the 15-month investigation period was used to calculate Michaelis-Menten functions applied to estimate the averaged CBR and DIR under natural conditions. The individual dates of birth were estimated using the inverse averaged CBR and the inverse DIR fitted by the individual chamber number or the individual test diameter at the sampling date. Distributions of frequencies and densities (i.e., frequency divided by sediment weight) based on both CBR and DIR revealed continuous reproduction throughout the year with two peaks, a stronger one in June determined as the onset of the summer generation (generation 1) and a weaker one in November determined as the onset of the winter generation (generation 2). This reproduction scheme explains the presence of small and large specimens in the same sample. Longevity, calculated as the maximum difference in days between the individual's birth date and the sampling date, is approximately 1.5 yr, an estimation obtained by using both CBR and DIR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, chamber building rate and reproduction time of Palaeonummulites venosus (Foraminifera) under natural conditions

et al. 2017

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“…An ecologically significant group of protists on coral reefs are benthic Foraminifera. Foraminifera are major ecosystem engineers in coral reefs because they contribute significantly to the carbonate sediment production (Langer et al 1997), providing substrata for other coral reef organisms. Larger Foraminifera host photosymbionts, which facilitate growth to cell sizes 10-100 times larger than their asymbiotic relatives (Hallock 1985;Lee and Hallock 1987;Lee 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of warming and ocean acidification on coral reef Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa

2014

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Warming and changes in ocean carbonate chemistry alter marine coastal ecosystems at an accelerating pace. The interaction between these stressors has been the subject of recent studies on reef organisms such as corals, bryozoa, molluscs, and crustose coralline algae. Here we investigated the combined effects of elevated sea surface temperatures and pCO 2 on two species of photosymbiont-bearing coral reef Foraminifera: Heterostegina depressa (hosting diatoms) and Marginopora vertebralis (hosting dinoflagellates). The effects of single and combined stressors were studied by monitoring survivorship, growth, and physiological parameters, such as respiration, photochemistry (pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry and oxygen production), and chl a content. Specimens were exposed in flow-through aquaria for up to seven weeks to combinations of two pCO 2 (*790 and *490 latm) and two temperature (28 and 31°C) regimes. Elevated temperature had negative effects on the physiology of both species. Elevated pCO 2 had negative effects on growth and apparent photosynthetic rate in H.depressa but a positive effect on effective quantum yield. With increasing pCO 2 , chl a content decreased in H. depressa and increased in M. vertebralis. The strongest stress responses were observed when the two stressors acted in combination. An interaction term was statistically significant in half of the measured parameters. Further exploration revealed that 75 % of these cases showed a synergistic (= larger than additive) interaction between the two stressors. These results indicate that negative physiological effects on photosymbiont-bearing coral reef Foraminifera are likely to be stronger under simultaneous acidification and temperature rise than what would be expected from the effect of each of the stressors individually.

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“…Model calculations have inferred that benthic foraminifera account for from 5 to 30% of carbonate production in shallow waters (Wefer 1976, Langer 2008. The benthic foraminiferal fauna is estimated to precipitate 0.2 Gt CaCO 3 per year on a global scale (Langer et al 1997, Langer 2008, which amounts to about one-third of the production by planktonic foraminifers (Schiebel 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biometry and dissolution features of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis at high pCO2

Haynert

Schönfeld²,

Riebesell³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Culturing experiments were performed with the benthic foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis from Flensburg Fjord, western Baltic Sea. The experiments simulated a projected rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. We exposed specimens to 5 seawater pCO 2 levels ranging from 618 µatm (pH 7.9) to 3130 µatm (pH 7.2) for 6 wk. Growth rates and mortality differed significantly among pCO 2 treatments. The highest increase of mean test diameter (19%) was observed at 618 µatm. At partial pressures >1829 µatm, the mean test diameter was observed to decrease, by up to 22% at 3130 µatm. At pCO 2 levels of 618 and 751 µatm, A. aomoriensis tests were found intact after the experiment. The outer chambers of specimens incubated at 929 and 1829 µatm were severely damaged by corrosion. Visual inspection of specimens incubated at 3130 µatm revealed wall dissolution of all outer chambers, only their inner organic lining stayed intact. Our results demonstrate that pCO 2 values of ≥929 µatm in Baltic Sea waters cause reduced growth of A. aomoriensis and lead to shell dissolution. The bottom waters in Flensburg Fjord and adjacent areas regularly experience pCO 2 levels in this range during summer and fall. Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are likely to extend and intensify these periods of undersaturation. This may eventually slow down calcification in A. aomoriensis to the extent that net carbonate precipitation terminates. The possible disappearance of this species from the Baltic Sea and other areas prone to seasonal undersaturation would likely cause significant shifts in shallow-water benthic ecosystems in the near future. KEY WORDS: Benthic foraminifera · Biometry · Test dissolution · Carbon dioxide · Baltic Sea Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 432: 53-67, 2011 54 to about one-third of the production by planktonic foraminifers (Schiebel 2002).In addition to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification, anthropogenic eutrophication by river and groundwater discharge and by atmospheric deposition can lead to changes in carbonate chemistry, especially in coas tal marine environments such as the Baltic Sea (Rosenberg 1985, Conley et al. 2007, Levin et al. 2009, Borges & Gypens 2010, Cossellu & Nordberg 2010, Zhang et al. 2010. In comparison to the open ocean, the Baltic Sea exhibits lower salinities, lower [CO 3 2-] and consequently lower calcium carbonate saturation states (Ω). In the western Baltic Sea, seasonal effects are super imposed (Hansen et al. 1999). Vertical stratification, enhanced microbial activity and the ensuing consumption of dissolved oxygen by the decay of particulate organic matter causes hypoxic conditions in the bottom water and therefore strong seasonally varying pCO 2 values over the year (Diaz & Rosenberg 2008, Conley et al. 2009. In response to low Ω and seasonal acidification, a reduced calcification of foraminifera is expected in Flensburg Fjord (Polovodova et al. 2009).An increasing number of field and laboratory studies have show...

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Global ocean carbonate and carbon dioxide production; the role of reef Foraminifera

Cited by 142 publications

References 0 publications

Growth, chamber building rate and reproduction time of Palaeonummulites venosus (Foraminifera) under natural conditions

Growth, chamber building rate and reproduction time of Palaeonummulites venosus (Foraminifera) under natural conditions

Combined effects of warming and ocean acidification on coral reef Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa

Biometry and dissolution features of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis at high pCO2

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