Global migration from plastic materials into olive oil and isooctane: An experimental comparison

Gramiccioni, L.; Prospero, P. Di; Milana, Maria Rosaria; Marzio, S. Di; Marcello, Ida

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(86)90259-0

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Phthalates present as contaminants in food come mainly from plastic packages, adhesives, inks, lacquers and plastic‐made processing equipment used in food production processes. Some studies have helped clarify the mechanism of migration of phthalates from plastics packages (especially polyvinyl chloride) to food 5–11, plastic bottles to olive oil 12, 13 and cap‐sealing resins to bottled foods 14.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐voltage high‐performance current mirrors: Application to linear voltage‐to‐current converter

Hassen

Gabbouj

Besbes

2011

Circuit Theory & Apps

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SUMMARYCurrent mirror is one of the basic building blocks of analog VLSI systems. For high-performance analog circuit applications, the accuracy and bandwidth are the most important parameters to determine the performance of the current mirror. This paper presents an efficient implementation of a CMOS current mirror suitable for low-voltage applications. This circuit combines a shunt input feedback, a regulated cascade output and a differential amplifier to achieve low input resistance, high accuracy and high output resistance. A comparison of several architectures of this scheme based on different architectures of the amplifier is presented. The comparison includes: input impedance, output impedance, accuracy, frequency response and settling time response. These circuits are validated with simulation in 0.18 m CMOS TSMC of MOSIS. In this paper, a linear voltage to current converter, based on the adapted current mirror, is proposed. Its static and dynamic behaviour is presented and validated with the same technology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐voltage high‐performance current mirrors: Application to linear voltage‐to‐current converter

Hassen

Gabbouj

Besbes

2011

Circuit Theory & Apps

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“…These two solvents are quite di erent in terms of polarity and interaction capacity with the plastics used in contact with foods; their characteristics are well known and have been thoroughly investigated (Gramiccioni et al 1986, De Kruijf and Rijk 1988, Piringer 1990, Harding et al 1997, Riquet and Feigenbaum 1997, thus it seemed interesting to compare di erent di usion coe cient estimates in such di erent media. Preliminarily, the solvent di usion across the PE-LD sachets was measured at 25 ë C, ® lling the sachets with pure solvents and determining the amount migrated into pure isobutanol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of diffusion through LDPE film of Di-n-butyl phthalate

Piergiovanni

Fava²,

Schiraldi³

1999

Food Additives and Contaminants

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The apparent diffusion coefficients (D) across a PE-LD film of Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) dissolved in isooctane and ethanol, were calculated in different ways and compared. DnBP, a common plasticizer of plastics and printing inks, may be a possible contaminant of flexible packaging and PE-LD is the most common food-contacting polymer. To perform diffusion measurements, small plastic sachets filled with solutions of the contaminant were used at three different temperatures. The D coefficients of the two solvents and dissolved DnBP were calculated using the lag time method, a formula taking into account the molar weight and absolute temperature, and an equation based on the initial concentration and the amounts migrated after subsequent times. The results demonstrated great solvent interference in the plasticizer diffusion across polyethylene; in particular as far as isooctane is concerned, a remarkable co-diffusion of both the plasticizer and the non-polar solvent must be assumed. Isooctane quickly penetrates PE-LD but ethanol also diffuses across PE-LD, although at a greatly reduced speed. These facts must be considered for realistic prediction of migration or effectiveness of the functional barrier.

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“…The interactions between lipids and polyolefins are much weaker due to the high MW of lipids/oils [34]. Because of the difference in release kinetics, a much shorter extraction time and lower temperature of alkanes have been evaluated and used to establish the equivalence between alkane and lipid extraction, so that the same amount of extractables by oils can be predicted by alkanes in food industries [13,16,[35][36][37][38]. For example, 10 days and 40 • C olive oil extraction on polyolefins can be replaced by 2 days and 20 • C extraction with isooctane [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Contributions to Over-Extraction of Extractables by Nonpolar Organic Solvents in Comparison to Lipids in Exhaustive and Exaggerated Extractions of Medical Devices Based on Abraham Solvation Model and Solvent–Material Interactions Using Low-Density Polyethylene as a Representative Material

2024

Liquids

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The thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to the over-extraction of extractables by nonpolar organic solvents relative to biological lipids in exhaustive and exaggerated extractions of medical devices are studied based on the Abraham solvation model and solvent–material interactions, using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an exemplary material. The thermodynamic effect is evaluated by the partition constant of extractables between LDPE and extraction solvents, hexane and lipids, defined as the concentration in the polymer phase divided by the concentration in the solvent phase. The Abraham solvation model is used to correlate the measured LDPE-lipid partition constant (log10Pldpe/lipid) to construct the predictive model. Similar models are also derived from the thermodynamic cycle conversion, using the system constants of LDPE-water and Lipid-water partition systems. These constructed models, together with the predictive LDPE-hexane (log10Pldpe/hexane) model established from a previous study, are used to predict and compare the ranges and values of Pldpe/s (s = lipids and hexane) for the observed LDPE extractables over a wide hydrophobicity range in log10Po/w from zero to 30. The solvent-LDPE interactions are examined by the degree of swelling of LDPE by hexane (or other nonpolar solvents) and lipids, including the solvent diffusion rates into the material. These parameters allow the evaluation of kinetic effect on the over-extraction. The extent of over-extraction is compiled directly by experimental “overall” or “specific” migration data or indirectly calculated by the diffusion coefficient of extractables when extracted by hexane or lipids. It is concluded from this study that the extractables distribution between LDPE and lipids highly favors the lipid phase thermodynamically (Pldpe/lipid<1), and the values of Pldpe/lipid are always lower than those of Pldpe/hexane, thereby indicating that the thermodynamic effect is not the cause of over-extraction. It is the kinetic effect that dominantly contributes to the over-extraction, as supported by the material swelling and solvent diffusion rates. Finally, the extent of over-extraction has been established from a few folds to over a hundred-fold, and the median value is 7. Furthermore, the methods adopted and developed in this study can be invaluable tools in other disciplines such as the reliable prediction of extractables from other device materials and environmental sampling.

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Global migration from plastic materials into olive oil and isooctane: An experimental comparison

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Low‐voltage high‐performance current mirrors: Application to linear voltage‐to‐current converter

Low‐voltage high‐performance current mirrors: Application to linear voltage‐to‐current converter

Study of diffusion through LDPE film of Di-n-butyl phthalate

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