“…A mixture of magnetosheath and magnetospheric ion and electron populations is often detected within FTEs (Le et al, ). FTEs have been studied using simulations (Daum et al, ; Fedder et al, ; Raeder, ), laboratory experiments (e.g., Egedal et al, ; Fox et al, ; Stenzel & Gekelman, ; Yamada, ), ground measurements (Lockwood, Fazakerley, et al, ; Lockwood, Opgenoorth, et al, ; Wild et al, ), and multispacecraft missions as Cluster (e.g., Fear et al, ; Hasegawa et al, ; Roux et al, ; Sönnerup et al, ), Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (Fear et al, ; Silveira et al, ), and now MMS (Farrugia et al, ; Hwang et al, ). FTE models can essentially be classified into three types of models: elbow‐shaped flux rope model (Russell & Elphic, ), multiple X‐line model (Lee & Fu, ), and single X‐line model (Fear et al, ; Scholer, ; Southwood et al, ).…”