Global measurement of ecological footprint in the context of sustainable development

Abstract

The relationships between the ecological footprint indicator and the level of achievement of sustainable development goals at the global level were examined. Cluster analysis tools were used to assess such relationships by grouping countries with similar characteristics according to these two indicators. As a consequence, four clusters of countries were identified. The first cluster, which mainly includes African countries, is characterized by a low level of economic development and a minimal impact on the environment. It was determined that the second cluster includes many countries of the European Union, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Chile and it’s characterized by a high level of achievement of sustainable development goals and a moderate impact on nature. The third cluster, which includes India, Egypt, Indonesia and other countries, has a low ecological footprint, indicating conservation of natural resources and an average level of achievement of sustainable development goals. These countries have the potential for harmonious social, ecological and economic development. It was established that the countries of the fourth cluster have achieved a significant level of sustainable development, but they use large amounts of natural resources. It was found that the common directions of environmental policy for SDG achievement of are the fight against pollution, resource exhaustion and climate change to avoid a decrease in quality of of life of citizens.