Global Market Gasoline Range Fuel Review using Fuel Particulate Emission Correlation Indices

Chapman, Elana; Winston-Galant, Mark; Geng, Pat; Konzack, Anke

doi:10.4271/2016-01-2251

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…. With the specific need to develop a correlation to PMI so that test fuel data could be compared across the company's various test labs, GM worked to compile multiple fuel samples over several years, along with compiling the ASTM D6729 data, PMI numbers, and other fuel properties, and looking at different types of correlations that could be easily resolved from the analysis [91]. Through that work, a new index was developed, the particulate evaluation index (PEI).…”

Section: Particulate Evaluation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because this index requires only total aromatic concentrations at carbon numbers 7-13, it can use simpler fuel analyses than DHA, such as ASTM D6839, while maintaining a high correlation to the PMI number. It has been an effective tool for comparing test fuels and to review market fuel surveys from data sources that are using the ASTM D6839 method [91]. The final PEI number method was openly released in 2019 so that others could use and offer comments to the correlation [92].…”

Section: Particulate Evaluation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limitation of this method, as is noted in the "Methods" section of the paper, is that the PEI number groups C10+ (for C11, C12, and C13) aromatics as a single class. This was done to accommodate using various analytical method types so that a general comparison of test fuel data could be readily compared to provide guidance to the industry [91,93]. There is a clear need to improve the PEI number so that it can be correlated to the Enhanced D6730 and so that the coefficients for each grouping can be clearly separated up through at least C15.…”

Section: Eq (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

Leach¹,

Chapman²,

Jetter³

et al. 2021

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Particulate matter (PM) indices-those linking PM emissions from gasoline engines to the composition and properties of the fuel-have been a topic of significant study over the last decade. It has long been known that fuel composition has a significant impact on particulate emissions from gasoline engines. Since gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines have become the market-leading technology, this has become more significant because the evaporative behavior of fuel increases in importance. Several PM indices have been developed to provide metrics describing this behavior and correlating PM emissions. In this article, 16 different PM indices are identified and collected-to the authors' knowledge, all of the indices are available at the time of writing. The indices are reviewed and discussed in the context of the information required to calculate them, as well as their utility. The authors believe that there is a need for indices that provide both a detailed and robust correlation, as well as those that are less sophisticated yet sufficient for specific use cases. Future research is suggested to guide the technical community toward improvements in the indices' methods and equations for both high and low fidelity and high and low time investment.

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Section: Particulate Evaluation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particulate Evaluation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eq (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

Leach¹,

Chapman²,

Jetter³

et al. 2021

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

Self Cite

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“…The four test fuels were synthetized by local refiners and filled into a 5 Liter container. To ensure that PMI and PEI can represent the range of market fuel, Fuels A, B, C and D were well designed to blend with different blending compounds in order to have a linear PMI and PEI distribution [18]. Before shipping them to the test lab, the fuels were sampled and tested.…”

Section: Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the Particulate Matter Index and Particulate Evaluation Index of the Primary Reference Fuel on Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

Zhao

Shouxin

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the range of particulate mass (PM) and particulate number (PN) results from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles by using four test fuels with a range of particulate matter index (PMI) from 1.38 to 2.39 and particulate evaluation index (PEI) from 0.89 to 1.92. The properties of four test fuels were analyzed with detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). Two passenger cars with a GDI engine were tested with four test fuels by conducting the China 6 test procedure, which is equivalent to the worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP). When the fuels could meet the China 6 primary reference fuel standard with PMI from 1.38 to 2.04 and PEI from 0.89 to 1.59, the PM variation of Vehicle B was from 1.94 mg/km to 3.32 mg/km and of Vehicle A was from 2.55 mg/km to 4.15 mg/km, respectively. In addition, the PN variation of Vehicle B was from 1.57 × 1012 #/km to 3.38 × 1012 #/km and of Vehicle A was from 3.02 × 1012 #/km to 4.80 × 1012 #/km. It was noted that the two different cars had a unique response and sensitivity by using the different fuels, but PMI and PEI did trend with both the PM and the PN response. All PM and PN results from the two cars had an excellent correlation R2 > 0.94 with PMI and R2 > 0.90 with PEI. Therefore, PMI/PEI would be the appropriate specification for sooting tendency in reference fuel standards of emission regulations.

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“…In the last decade, various indexes have been used, with the most common being the Honda PM index [37]. The certification fuels for Europe, China, and the United States have typically PM index slightly higher than 1 (range 0.5-2.0) [38][39][40][41], but market fuel can have higher values reaching theoretically up to 3, and even higher in, e.g., Russia [42]. Many studies showed that higher PM index fuels have higher SPN emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

et al. 2022

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The emission limit of non-volatile particles (i.e., particles that do not evaporate at 350 °C) with size >23 nm, in combination with the real driving emissions (RDE) regulation in 2017, resulted in the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in all light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection engines in Europe. Even though there are studies that have examined the particulate emissions at or beyond the current RDE boundary conditions, there is a lack of studies combining most or all worst cases (i.e., conditions that increase the emissions). In this study, we challenged a fresh (i.e., no accumulation of soot or ash) “advanced” prototype GPF at different temperatures (down to −9 °C), aggressive drive cycles and hard accelerations (beyond the RDE limits), high payload (up to 90%), use of all auxiliaries (air conditioning, heating of the seats and the rear window), and cold starts independently or simultaneously. Under hot engine conditions, the increase of the particulate emissions due to higher payload and lower ambient temperature was 30–90%. The cold start at low ambient temperature, however, had an effect on the emissions of up to a factor of 20 for particles >23 nm or 300 when considering particles <23 nm. We proposed that the reason for these high emissions was the incomplete combustion and the low efficiency of the three-way oxidation catalyst. This resulted in a high concentration of species that were in the gaseous phase at the high temperature of the close-coupled GPF and thus could not be filtered by the GPF. As the exhaust gas cooled down, these precursor species formed particles that could not be evaporated at 350 °C (the temperature of the particle number system). These results highlight the importance of the proper calibration of the engine out emissions at all conditions, even when a GPF is installed.

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Global Market Gasoline Range Fuel Review using Fuel Particulate Emission Correlation Indices

Cited by 23 publications

References 8 publications

A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

Effects of the Particulate Matter Index and Particulate Evaluation Index of the Primary Reference Fuel on Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

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