Global gender differences can be operationalized and tested.

Abstract

Replies to comments by Zuriff (see record 2015-45553-009) on the original article by Zell et al. (see record 2015-00137-002). The authors appreciate the commentary on their report by Zuriff (2015, this issue) and welcome the opportunity to discuss several important issues that he raises.

Gender, “masculinity,” and “femininity”: A meta-analytic review of gender differences in agency and communion.

“…Even though the measures of agency and communion were originally developed to capture masculine traits and feminine traits, respectively (Bem, 1974;Spence et al, 1975;Spence & Helmreich, 1978) and thus were believed to be able to differentiate men and women; the average magnitude of gender differences in agency and communion is not well known (beyond U.S. college student samples; see Donnelly & Twenge, 2017;Twenge, 1997). Relatedly, in the pantheon of findings on gender gaps in psychological constructs (Archer, 2019;Zell et al, 2015), a notable portion of studies exhibited small gender differences, consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis (Hyde, 2005(Hyde, , 2014. Under the current circumstances, it is theoretically interesting to identify the magnitude of gender gaps for two traits (agency and communion) that were explicitly designed to distinguish men and women (Spence et al, 1975)-traits designed in this manner might be expected to exhibit some of the largest gender gaps, compared to other personality constructs.…”

Sex differences in music perception are negligible

“…Body size and aggressiveness have long been argued to be under sexual selection pressure throughout human evolution; observed large sex differences in these domains are consistent with these theories. In addition to these large differences in putatively sexually selected traits, metaanalyses of sex differences in human traits and behaviors (Archer, 2019;Hyde, 2005Hyde, , 2014Zell et al, 2015) equally reveal functionally negligible sex differences in many domains that might not be shaped by sexual selection; these include mathematical performance (range of Cohen"s d: -0.05 to 0.16; Archer, 2019;Hyde, 2014), verbal performance (range of Cohen"s d: -0.33 to 0.25; Hyde, 2014), and reward sensitivity (d = 0.01; Archer, 2019). The magnitude of sex differences observed here for music perception are within the range or smaller than those observed for these latter measures.…”

Water Disinfection Techniques: A Review

“…Wavelengths of the sunrays falling on the earth surface vary depending on the prevailing weather conditions of the days as well as season (Chow, 2010 andChakraborty et al, 2014). These among other factors significantly affect the solar radiation intensity incident of the earth surface (Zell et al, 2015).…”