Global fast terminal sliding mode control with fixed switching frequency for voltage control of DC–DC buck converters

Physics-informed NN-based adaptive backstepping terminal sliding mode control of buck converter for PEM electrolyzer

“…The defined Terminal sliding surface is characterized as follows [ 50 ]: Where is a positive constant to enforce to converge to zero and is also a positive constant between 1 and 2 which is important in the terminal sliding mode control to avoid the inherent singularity. These two control parameters should be chosen optimally to accelerate the convergence speed of .…”