Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and Progress Toward Meeting Global Targets — Worldwide, 2018

MacNeil, Adam; Glaziou, Philippe; Sismanidis, Charalambos; Date, Anand; Maloney, Susan A.; Floyd, Katherine

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a2

Cited by 156 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease agent (1), including among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (2). A World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, The End Tuberculosis Strategy, set ambitious targets for 2020-2035, including 20% reduction in TB incidence and 35% reduction in the absolute number of TB deaths by 2020 and 90% reduction in TB incidence and 95% reduction in TB deaths by 2035, compared with 2015 (3).…”

Section: Global Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis and Progress Toward Meetmentioning

confidence: 99%

World TB Day — March 24, 2020

2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Global Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis and Progress Toward Meetmentioning

confidence: 99%

World TB Day — March 24, 2020

2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Every year, 10 million new active TB cases are reported globally — a prevalence that has changed little over many years [ 11 ]. In 2018, ∼1.5 million TB patients died, of whom 250 000 cases were diagnosed with positive human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) [ 12 ]. The number of deaths has declined significantly, by 27% since 2000; however, this was accompanied by only a minor reduction, 1–5%, in TB cases with similar death rates observed in 2018 compared with 2017, and the same outcome was predicted for 2019 [ 13 ].…”

Section: Current Epidemiology Of Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to treating tuberculosis by encapsulating metal ions and anti-mycobacterial drugs utilizing nano- and microparticle technologies

Alzahabi

Usmani

Georgiou

et al. 2020

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences

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Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterial infection that affects a number of human organs, primarily the lungs, but also the liver, spleen, and spine, causing key symptoms of fever, fatigue, and persistent cough, and if not treated properly, can be fatal. Every year, 10 million individuals become ill with active TB resulting with a mortality approximating 1.5 million. Current treatment guidelines recommend oral administration of a combination of first-line anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months. While efficacious under optimum conditions, ‘Directly Observed Therapy Short-course’ (DOTS) is not without problems. The long treatment time and poor pharmacokinetics, alongside drug side effects lead to poor patient compliance and has accelerated the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms. All this, combined with the limited number of newly discovered TB drugs to treat MDR-TB and shorten standard therapy time, has highlighted the need for new targeted drug delivery systems. In this respect, there has been recent focus on micro- and nano-particle technologies to prepare organic or/and metal particles loaded with TB drugs to enhance their efficacy by targeted delivery via the inhaled route. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current epidemiology of TB, and risk factors for progression of latent stage tuberculosis (LTBI) to the active TB. We identify current TB treatment regimens, newly discovered TB drugs, and identify studies that have used micro- or nano-particles technologies to design a reliable inhalation drug delivery system to treat TB more effectively.

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“…According to the WHO, the number of persons with both incident and prevalent tuberculosis remains the highest in the South-East Asian and African regions. 6 It is estimated that approximately 1.7 billion individuals in the world are latently infected with M. tuberculosis. 7 Among them, 5%-10% will develop active tuberculosis (ATB) during their lifetime, especially when their immune system is weak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the WHO, the number of persons with both incident and prevalent tuberculosis remains the highest in the South-East Asian and African regions. 6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cytokines as a biomarker to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection: a diagnostic meta-analysis

Qiu

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesWith a marginally effective vaccine and no significant breakthroughs in new treatments, a sensitive and specific method to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) would allow for early diagnosis and limit the spread of the pathogen. The analysis of multiple cytokine profiles provides the possibility to differentiate the two diseases.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Cochrane Library, Clinical Key and EMBASE databases were searched on 31 December 2019.Eligibility criteriaWe included case–control studies, cohort studies and randomised controlled trials considering IFN-γ, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 and VEGF as biomarkers to distinguish active tuberculosis and LTBI.Data extraction and synthesisTwo students independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Diagnostic OR, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios and area under the curve (AUC) together with 95% CI were used to estimate the diagnostic value.ResultsOf 1315 records identified, 14 studies were considered eligible. IL-2 had the highest sensitivity (0.84, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.92), while VEGF had the highest specificity (0.87, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.94). The highest AUC was observed for VEGF (0.85, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.88), followed by IFN-γ (0.84, 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.87) and IL-2 (0.84, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.87).ConclusionCytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-γ and VEGF, can be utilised as promising biomarkers to distinguish active tuberculosis from LTBI.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020170725.

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Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and Progress Toward Meeting Global Targets — Worldwide, 2018

Cited by 156 publications

References 3 publications

World TB Day — March 24, 2020

World TB Day — March 24, 2020

Approaches to treating tuberculosis by encapsulating metal ions and anti-mycobacterial drugs utilizing nano- and microparticle technologies

Evaluation of cytokines as a biomarker to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection: a diagnostic meta-analysis

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