Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory

McCulloch, Archie; Aucott, Michael; Benkovitz, C.M.; Graedel, T. E.; Kleiman, Gary; Midgley, Pauline M.; Li, Yifan

doi:10.1029/1999jd900025

Cited by 181 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…8). Although coal combustion used for cooking has been identified as a potential source of chloride emissions (Ianniello et al, 2011;McCulloch et al, 1999), this practice has not been observed in the area. However, chloride species may be emitted from household waste-burning/smoldering, for which particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls have been measured in previous studies (Gullett et al, 2001;Lemieux et al, 2004;Tue et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2009), or from sea salt particles subject to high-temperature combustion processes (since this factor is also observed to a lesser extent in the direction of the fishsmoking area).…”

Section: Source Apportionment Of Ommentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of submicron aerosols measured in Senegal during the 2015 SHADOW campaign

Rivellini¹,

Chiapello²,

Tison³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The present study offers the first chemical characterization of the submicron (PM 1 ) fraction in western Africa at a high time resolution, thanks to collocated measurements of nonrefractory (NR) species with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), black carbon and iron concentrations derived from absorption coefficient measurements with a 7-wavelength Aethalometer, and total PM 1 determined by a TEOM-FDMS (tapered element oscillating microbalance-filtered dynamic measurement system) for mass closure. The field campaign was carried out over 3 months (March to June 2015) as part of the SHADOW (SaHAran Dust Over West Africa) project at a coastal site located in the outskirts of the city of Mbour, Senegal. With an averaged mass concentration of 5.4 µg m −3 , levels of NR PM 1 in Mbour were 3 to 10 times lower than those generally measured in urban and suburban polluted environments. Nonetheless the first half of the observation period was marked by intense but short pollution events (NR PM 1 concentrations higher than 15 µg m −3 ), sea breeze phenomena and Saharan desert dust outbreaks (PM 10 up to 900 µg m −3 ). During the second half of the campaign, the sampling site was mainly under the influence of marine air masses. The air masses on days under continental and sea breeze influences were dominated by organics (36-40 %), whereas sulfate particles were predominant (40 %) for days under oceanic influence. Overall, measurements showed that about threequarters of the total PM 1 were explained by NR PM 1 , BC (black carbon) and Fe (a proxy for dust) concentrations, leaving approximately one-quarter for other refractory species. A mean value of 4.6 % for the Fe / PM 1 ratio was obtained. Source apportionment of the organic fraction, using positive matrix factorization (PMF), highlighted the impact of local combustion sources, such as traffic and residential activities, which contribute on average to 52 % of the total organic fraction. A new organic aerosol (OA) source, representing on average 3 % of the total OA fraction, showed similar variation to nonrefractory particulate chloride. Its rose plot and daily pattern pointed to local combustion processes, i.e., two open waste-burning areas located about 6 and 11 km away from the receptor site and to a lesser extent a traditional fish-smoking location. The remaining fraction was identified as oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA), a factor that prevailed regardless of the day type (45 %) and was representative of regional (approximately three-quarters) but also local (approximately one-quarter) sources due to enhanced photochemical processes.

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Section: Source Apportionment Of Ommentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of submicron aerosols measured in Senegal during the 2015 SHADOW campaign

Rivellini¹,

Chiapello²,

Tison³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Scaling to the current global population of 6 billion suggests that 2000 Tg is an approximate, present global value. If half of this garbage is burned in open fires or incinerators (McCulloch et al, 1999) and it is 50% C, it would add 500 Tg of C to the atmosphere annually. This is about 7% of the C added by all fossil fuel burning (Forster et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quantification of biofuel use has been based on surveys of the rural population and there are not good estimates of how much may occur in urban areas. McCulloch et al (1999) calculated the 1990 garbage production from the 4.5 billion people included in the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory as 1500 Tg. Scaling to the current global population of 6 billion suggests that 2000 Tg is an approximate, present global value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central Mexico

et al. 2010

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Abstract. In central Mexico during the spring of 2007 we measured the initial emissions of 12 gases and the aerosol speciation for elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC), anhydrosugars, Cl − , NO − 3 , and 20 metals from 10 cooking fires, four garbage fires, three brick making kilns, three charcoal making kilns, and two crop residue fires. Global biofuel use has been estimated at over 2600 Tg/y. With several simple case studies we show that cooking fires can be a major, or the major, source of several gases and fine particles in developing countries. Insulated cook stoves with chimneys were earlier shown to reduce indoor air pollution and the fuel use per cooking task. We confirm that they also reduce the emissions of VOC pollutants per mass of fuel burned by about half. We did not detect HCN emissions from cooking fires in Mexico or Africa. Thus, if regional source attribution is based on HCN emissions typical for other types of biomass burning (BB), then biofuel use and total BB will be underestimated in much of the developing world. This is also significant because cooking fires are not detected from space. We estimate that ∼2000 Tg/y of garbage are generated globally and about half may be burned, making this a commonly overlooked major global source of emissions. We estimate a fine particle emission factor (EFPM 2.5 ) for garbage burning of ∼10.5±8.8 g/kg, which is in reasonable agreement with very limited previous work. We observe large HCl emission factors in the range 2-10 g/kg. Consideration of the Cl content of the global waste stream suggests that garbage burning

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“…The major sources of tropospheric HCl in the atmosphere include natural sources from sea salt (Keene et al, 1999) and biomass burning (Andreae et al, 1996), and anthropogenic sources from coal combustion and waste incineration (McCulloch et al, 1999). The global annual emission rates of HCl from sea salt and biomass burning were estimated to be 50 Tg Cl yr -1 (Graedel and Keene, 1995;Keene et al, 1999) and 6 Tg Cl yr -1 (Lobert et al, 1999), respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the emission rates from natural sources are much higher than the anthropogenic counterparts, they are relatively constant and well estimated. The corresponding anthropogenic emission rates from coal combustion and waste incineration were previously estimated to be 4.6 and 2 Tg Cl yr -1 , respectively (McCulloch et al, 1999). Waste incinerations include open waste incineration (the uncontrolled emissions from both residential and dump waste burning) and prescribed waste incineration 5 (the emission from waste incineration plant).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China

Liu¹,

Fan²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Chlorine radicals can enhance atmospheric oxidation which potentially increase tropospheric ozone concentration.However, few studies have been done to quantify the impact of chlorine emissions on ozone formation in China due to lack of chlorine emission inventory used in air quality model with sufficient resolution. In this study, Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory for China (ACEIC) was developed for the first time, including emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ) from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration (waste incineration plant). The HCl 15and Cl 2 emissions from coal combustion in China in 2012 were estimated to be 232.9 and 9.4 Gg, respectively, while HCl emission from prescribed waste incineration was estimated to be 2.9 Gg. Spatially high chlorine emissions were found in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Air quality model simulations with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system were performed for November 2011 and the modeling results derived with and without chlorine emissions were compared. The magnitude of the simulated HCl, Cl 2 and ClNO 2 agreed reasonably with 20 the observation when anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model. The inclusion of the ACEIC increased the concentration of fine particulate Cl -, leading to enhanced heterogeneous reactions between Cl -and N 2 O 5 which resulted in the higher production of ClNO 2 . Photolysis of ClNO 2 and Cl 2 in the morning and the reaction of HCl with OH in the afternoon produced chlorine radicals which accelerated tropospheric oxidation. When anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model, the monthly mean concentrations of fine particulate Cl -, daily maximum 1-h ClNO 2 and Cl 25 radicals were estimated to increase by up to about 2.0 μg m -3 , 773 pptv and 1.5×10 3 molecule cm -3 in China, respectively.Meanwhile, the monthly mean daily maximum 1-h O 3 concentration was found to increase by up to 2.2 ppbv (3.8%), while the monthly mean NO x concentration decreased by up to 0.5 ppbv (6.1%). The anthropogenic chlorine emissions potentially increased the 1-h O 3 concentration by up to 7.7 ppbv in China. This study highlights the need for the inclusion of anthropogenic chlorine emission on air quality modeling and demonstrated its importance on tropospheric ozone formation. 30Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory

Cited by 181 publications

References 13 publications

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of submicron aerosols measured in Senegal during the 2015 SHADOW campaign

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of submicron aerosols measured in Senegal during the 2015 SHADOW campaign

Trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central Mexico

Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China

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