Global emergence of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in tertiary hospitals in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Background: Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of candidemia worldwide. Its incidence is associated with the use of medical implants, such as central venous catheters or parenteral nutrition. This species has reduced susceptibility to echinocandins and is susceptible to polyenes and azoles. Multiple outbreaks caused by fluconazole non-susceptible strains have been reported recently. A similar trend has been observed among the C. parapsilosis isolates received in the last two years at the Spanish Mycology Reference Laboratory. Methods: Yeast were identified by molecular biology and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using EUCAST protocol. ERG11 gene was sequenced to identify resistance mechanisms, and typification was carried out by microsatellite analysis. Results: We examined the susceptibility profile of the C. parapsilosis isolates available at our Reference Laboratory since 2000 (around 1,300 strains). During the last two years, the number of isolates with acquired resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole has increased in at least eight different Spanish hospitals. Typification of the isolates revealed that some prevalent clones had spread through several hospitals of the same geographical region. One of these clones was found in hospitals from the region of Catalonia, another in hospitals from Madrid and Burgos, and two other different genotypes from Santander. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the epidemiological situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic might have induced a selection of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates that were already present at the hospitals. Further measures must be taken to avoid the establishment of clinical outbreaks that could threaten the life of infected patients.

Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis: A new emerging threat in the fungi arena

“…Some fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates presented a wild-type ERG11 gene sequence (Arastehfar et al, 2020a, Arastehfar et al, 2020b, thus suggesting alternative ( Grossman et al, 2015;Souza et al, 2015;Asadzadeh et al, 2017;Magobo et al, 2017;Choi et al, 2018;Thomaz et al, 2018;Alobaid and Khan, 2019;Singh et al, 2019, Arastehfar et al, 2020a, Arastehfar et al, 2020b, Castanheira et al, 2020Magobo et al, 2020;Martini et al, 2020;Arastehfar et al, 2021;Corzo-Leon et al, 2021;Demirci-Duarte et al, 2021;Fekkar et al, 2021;Thomaz et al, 2021;Alcoceba et al, 2022, Diaz-Garcia et al, 2022a, Hare et al, 2022Thomaz et al, 2022;Zaragoza et al, 2022) K143R** R S ( Singh et al, 2019, Arastehfar et al, 2020a, Castanheira et al, 2020 G458S*** R R o r I ( Arastehfar et al, 2020a, Demirci-Duarte et al, 2021 (Grossman et al, 2015). **The K143R substitution may be present in combination with Y132F substitutions.…”