Global electricity demand, generation, grid system, and renewable energy polices: a review

Hasanuzzaman, M.; Zubir, Ummu Salamah; Ilham, Nur Iqtiyani; Seng, Hang

doi:10.1002/wene.222

Cited by 53 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…GEI carbon-emission roadmap. (5) Clean energy can also protect and improve the ecological environment. By 2050, annual SO2 emissions will be reduced by 50.7 million tons, annual NOx emissions by 78.1 million tons, and annual fine particulate matter emissions by 11.43 million tons.…”

Section: Benefits Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Outlook on Global Energy Interconnection

Li¹,

Chen²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

E3S Web Conf.

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Currently, the world is confronted with a series of challenges including resource shortage, climate change, environment pollution and energy poverty, which are rooted in the humanity’s deep dependence on and large-scale consumption of fossil energy. To tackle with those challenges is an urgent task for realizing sustainable development. The Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) is a clean energy-dominant, electricity-centered, interconnected and shared modern energy system. It is an important platform for large-scale development, transmission and utilization of clean energy resources at a global level, promoting the global energy transition characterized by cleaning, decarbonization, electrification and networking. The GEI has provided a scientific, novel and systematic solution to implement Agenda 2030 as well as the Paris Agreement. Focusing on the scope of clean transition and sustainable development, this paper has implemented qualitative and quantitative methods based on historic data. The global power demand and supply has been forecasted. Based on global clean energy resources endowments and distribution, a global main clean energy bases layout and generation planning optimization has been proposed. Later in this paper, the global power flow under the GEI scenario and corresponding GEI backbone grid has been explored and proposed. Finally, based on a preliminary investment estimation, the comprehensive benefits of building the GEI have been analyzed.

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Section: Benefits Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Outlook on Global Energy Interconnection

Li¹,

Chen²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

E3S Web Conf.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These applications are very hungry for energy, especially the electrical form, which is considered the main and easy-facilitated source of current world energy. The consumption of electricity has been dramatically increased from 17.451 to 20.302 TWh during 2008-2014 [1]. Per international energy reports, fossil fuels, the traditional source of energy for many years, are quickly running out due to excessive consumption by several societies [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Three-Phase Grid-Tied Microinverters in Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2020

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Microinverters are an essential part of the photovoltaic (PV) industry with significant exponential prevalence in new PV module architectures. However, electrolyte capacitors used to decouple double line frequency make the single-phase microinverters topologies the slightest unit in this promising industry. Three-phase microinverter topologies are the new trend in this industry because they do not have double-line frequency problems and they do not need the use of electrolyte capacitors. Moreover, these topologies can provide additional features such as four-wire operation. This paper presents a detailed discussion of the strong points of three-phase microinverters compared to single-phase counterparts. The developed topologies of three-phase microinverters are presented and evaluated based on a new classification based on the simplest topologies among dozens of existing inverters. Moreover, the paper considers the required standardized features of PV, grid, and the microinverter topology. These features have been classified as mandatory and essential. Examples of the considered features for classifications are Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT), voltage boosting gain, and four-wire operation. The developed classification is used to identify the merits and demerits of the classified inverter topologies. Finally, a recommendation is given based on the classified features, chosen inverter topologies, and associated features.

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“…Systems with high shares of VRPP as analyzed in Holttinen () are a consequence of the shift toward clean energy (Lund & Byrne, , see also Hasanuzzaman, Zubir, Ilham, & Seng Che, ; Smith et al, ). Most VRPP installed today can provide controllable Q only at times exceeding a certain minimum feed‐in threshold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive cross‐voltage level procurement of reactive power considering reliable capacity from wind and photovoltaics

Kaempf

Ernst

Braun

2019

WIREs Energy & Environment

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Transition toward high shares of power production from wind and photovoltaics (PV) brings about a substantial increase in controllable reactive power (Q). The capability to provide Q independent of active power production (24/7) is available at comparably low or even zero investment cost. Yet, this capability is not required by network connection codes and only rarely utilized, even if available. In a first step, we take an overall economic perspective and review the economic competition of 24/7 Q provision from variable renewable power plants (VRPP) with alternative Q resources. Technical restrictions to be respected are discussed, as well as the reliability requirements related to investment-planning relevant Q provision. Competitiveness is significantly influenced by Q utilization rate and connecting voltage level. For practical implementation of 24/7 Q procurement from VRPP, its value needs to be assessed. We review possible approaches from overall economic perspective. We conclude that in operational decisions, VRPP Q should be valued at marginal cost, whereas in Q investment planning decisions, full cost should be considered. We derive the pros and cons of making 24/7 Q provision a mandatory part of network connection codes. For system operators (SOs) to integrate available capacity, regulatory acknowledgment of related revenue impact should be considered. We present possible solutions. Summarizing, the contribution presents the status quo in research on cross-voltage level, investment-relevant Q provision by VRPP. Using the presented methodology for value assessment, areas for further research are systematically pointed out. competitive, DSO, investment planning, procurement, reactive power, TSO | INTRODUCTIONThe reactive power (Q) procurement problem of system operators (SOs) consists of making available sufficient over-and underexcited Q resources at suitable locations in the electrical power system. We investigate this problem for systems with high share of variable renewable power plants (VRPP) based on wind and photovoltaics (PV). We focus on quasistationary Q provision in onshore systems. Reactive power injected at a specific node of a system influences local voltage. Taking a crossvoltage level approach, this also applies to the interfaces of different voltage levels. For example, the residual of Q from an medium voltage (MV) system will influence the voltage of the high voltage (HV) node it is connected to. Reactive power

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Global electricity demand, generation, grid system, and renewable energy polices: a review

Cited by 53 publications

References 31 publications

Research and Outlook on Global Energy Interconnection

Research and Outlook on Global Energy Interconnection

Classification of Three-Phase Grid-Tied Microinverters in Photovoltaic Applications

Competitive cross‐voltage level procurement of reactive power considering reliable capacity from wind and photovoltaics

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