Global diversity of butterflies (Lepidotera) in freshwater

Mey, Wolfram; Speidel, Wolfgang

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_50

Cited by 9 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…They are among the most ecologically diverse lepidopteran superfamilies: in addition to feeding on most major groups of plants, pyraloid larvae collectively exploit a startling range of other resources, with habits including detritivory, coprophagy, predation and parasitism. Pyraloids include one of the largest lepidopteran lineages in which the majority of immature stages are adapted to aquatic habitats (Yen, 2004; Mey & Speidel, 2008; Solis, 2008). Pyraloidea are an ubiquitous element of terrestrial ecosystems, and have served as models in the study of biodiversity and community ecology (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

Regier

Mitter

Solís

et al. 2012

Systematic Entomology

105

124

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Abstract. Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology-based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Pyraloidea, differ little among datasets and character treatments and are strongly supported at all levels of divergence (83% of nodes with bootstrap ≥80%). Subfamily relationships within Pyralidae, all very strongly supported (>90% bootstrap), differ only slightly from a previous morphological analysis, and can be summarized as Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (Phycitinae (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae)). The main remaining uncertainty involves Chrysauginae, of which the poorly studied Australian genera may constitute the basal elements of Galleriinae + Chrysauginae or even of Pyralidae. In Crambidae the molecular phylogeny is also strongly supported, but conflicts with most previous hypotheses. Among the newly proposed groupings are a 'wet-habitat clade' comprising Acentropinae + Schoenobiinae + Midilinae, and a provisional 'mustard oil clade' containing Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Noordinae, in which the majority of described larvae feed on Brassicales. Within this clade a previous synonymy of Dichogaminae with the Glaphyriinae is supported. Evergestinae syn. n. and Noordinae syn. n. are here newly synonymized with Glaphyriinae, which appear to be paraphyletic with respect to both. Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae as Re-use sampled here are each monophyletic but form a sister group pair. Wurthiinae n. syn., comprising the single genus Niphopyralis Hampson, which lives in ant nests, are closely related to, apparently subordinate within, and here newly synonymized with, Spilomelinae syn. n. IntroductionThe Pyraloidea, comprising the families Pyralidae and Crambidae, are one of the mega-diverse superfamilies of Lepidoptera, trailing only Gelechioidea and Papilionoidea outside the Macroheterocera sensu van Nieukerken et al. (2011). The 15 500 + described species (van Nieukerken et al., 2011) are distributed worldwide; many more species are undescribed, especially in the tropics. Pyraloidea include numerous major pests of crops, stored foodstuffs, forests and ornamental plants, as well as biological control agents used successfully against invasive plants (e.g. Zhang, 1994;Center et al., 2002). They are among the most ecologically diverse lepidopteran superfamilies: in addition to feeding on most major groups of plants, pyraloid larvae collectively expl...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

Regier

Mitter

Solís

et al. 2012

Systematic Entomology

105

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The Lepidoptera are represented by a relatively low number of species compared with other aquatic insect orders. Although our knowledge on their diversity and taxonomy is constantly increasing (Landry and Roque-Albelo, 2006;Mey and Speidel, 2008;Chen et al, 2010;Agassiz, 2012Agassiz, , 2014Scholtens and Solis, 2015), there is a lot yet to be learned about the ecology and possible evolutionary scenarios or phylogenetic relationships that exist among the aquatic and semi-aquatic Lepidoptera.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Most of the species of truly aquatic Lepidoptera belong to the family Crambidae (about 800 species of the Acentropinae, representing over 50 genera, and at least two species in the genera Samea and Niphograpta of the subfamily Pyraustinae) (Mey and Speidel, 2008). Mey and Speidel (2008) reviewed the information regarding the species richness of aquatic Crambidae, but they did not analyse the problems associated with the ecology of this group. It is worth remembering that the biology of the immature stages of numerous species of Crambidae is completely unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such species are known from various families and genera (Table 1). Mey and Speidel (2008) treated all similar taxa as semi-aquatic and did not include them in their review. Nevertheless, it is also worth remembering that it is occasionally difficult to clearly differentiate between aquatic and semi-aquatic forms; for example the caterpillar of noctuid Bellura melanopyga periodically comes to the surface to renew its oxygen supply (Lange, 1956).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adaptations associated with diet were also probably very important for the evolution of an aquatic mode of life in the caterpillars. Exactly like truly terrestrial forms, aquatic and semi-aquatic caterpillars include scrapers (often with flattened and enlarged mandibles), algae feeders and typical leaf shredders associated with angiosperms (Lange, 1956;Mey and Speidel, 2008). Some free-living caterpillars that are algae scrapers could have evolved from soil-dwelling forms (Grimaldi and Engle, 2005;Davis and Landry, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is a moth doing under water? Ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic Lepidoptera

Pabis

2018

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic moths, and discusses possible pre-adaptations of the moths to the aquatic environment. It also highlights major gaps in our understanding of this group of aquatic insects. Aquatic and semi-aquatic moths represent only a tiny fraction of the total lepidopteran diversity. Only about 0.5% of 165 000 known lepidopterans are aquatic; mostly in the preimaginal stages. Truly aquatic species can be found only among the Crambidae, Cosmopterigidae and Erebidae, while semi-aquatic forms associated with amphibious or marsh plants are known in thirteen other families. These lepidopterans have developed various strategies and adaptations that have allowed them to stay under water or in close proximity to water. Problems of respiratory adaptations, locomotor abilities, influence of predators and parasitoids, as well as feeding preferences are discussed. Nevertheless, the poor knowledge on their biology, life cycles, genomics and phylogenetic relationships preclude the generation of fully comprehensive evolutionary scenarios.

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Development and reproduction ofCataclysta lemnata, a potential natural enemy of the invasive alien duckweedLemna minutain Italy

Mariani

Fattorini

Giulio

et al. 2021

The European Zoological Journal

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Life cycle of the aquatic moth Cataclysta lemnata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was studied in laboratory conditions to obtain a basic biological knowledge useful for predicting the possible success of the herbivorous larvae of this insect as potential control agents in limiting the spread of the invasive American duckweed Lemna minuta (Alismatales: Araceae) in Italy. The multivoltinism of C. lemnata, as well as the high overall emergence from the pupal stage (85%), the high success in mating among the formed couples (>90%), and the high number of larvae born from each egg laying (on average 310 individuals), suggest that the insect can be successfully bred in the laboratory for the purposes of an augmentative biological control. Under experimental conditions, larvae developed in 23 days (through six larval instars, distinguishable by cephalic capsule dimensions) and pupae in 10, with no difference in duration between females and males. The larval phase resulted longer than the adult one (23 vs 10 days); therefore, it can be considered the most suitable stage for releasing the insect in the field for biocontrol purposes. Indeed, the larvae having a herbivorous diet might consume a large amount of the invasive plant, contrarily to the adult phase which is focused exclusively on reproduction. Our results not only contribute to the knowledge of aquatic Lepidoptera that are scarcely known, but also support the effectiveness of a possible protocol for an augmentative biological control of the invasive alien duckweed L. minuta.

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Global diversity of butterflies (Lepidotera) in freshwater

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

What is a moth doing under water? Ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic Lepidoptera

Development and reproduction ofCataclysta lemnata, a potential natural enemy of the invasive alien duckweedLemna minutain Italy

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