“…Globally, the highest species diversity of onchidiid slugs occurs in the Indo-West Pacific, where they have diversified mostly in mangroves, compared to very low diversity in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Eastern Pacific (Fig. 2 A), where species are most commonly found in the rocky intertidal 46 . There is a steep cline in onchidiid species richness with distance from the Indo-Malay Archipelago, with low diversity on islands in the central Pacific and the western Indian Ocean, which is similar to the cline in mangrove plant diversity 63 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 2 ( A ) Map of onchidiid species richness globally. Maps are based on GIS analysis of geographic distributions published in a series of taxonomic revisions 46 , 50 – 62 . ( B ) Focus on species richness of onchidiids in Southeast Asia.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Anatomically, onchidiid species display little variation between species, but species from different habitats (rocky intertidal vs. mangroves) and from different mangrove microhabitats (mud surface, tree roots and bark, etc.) are characterized by an intestine of different length, which is likely associated with the amount of time needed to extract nutrients from food mixed with different substrates 46 . Onchidiid species may also vary in developmental mode, with some species hatching from egg capsules and others developing through planktonic larvae, but this is known only in a few species, and it has been unclear how the biogeographic patterns in these intertidal slugs compare to other marine invertebrates 47 – 49 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Onchidiid species may also vary in developmental mode, with some species hatching from egg capsules and others developing through planktonic larvae, but this is known only in a few species, and it has been unclear how the biogeographic patterns in these intertidal slugs compare to other marine invertebrates 47 – 49 . The slugs of the family Onchidiidae are an ideal case study to investigate patterns of species diversity and distribution outside coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific because this family has diversified in mangroves and rocky shores, and its systematics has recently been completely revised taxonomically and phylogenetically 46 , 50 – 62 . Onchidiid species diversity has been investigated based on even sampling effort by the authors worldwide and most especially across the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii and from Japan to southeastern Australia.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, each species was studied through a combination of DNA sequences and comparative anatomy to reveal any cryptic diversity. This revisionary work culminated in the description of six new genera and 25 new species representing 50% of the known species diversity in the Indo-West Pacific 46 , 50 – 62 .…”
Knowledge of the biogeography of marine taxa has lagged significantly behind terrestrial ecosystems. A hotspot of marine biodiversity associated with coral reefs is known in the Coral Triangle of the Indo-West Pacific, but until now there was little data with which to evaluate broad patterns of species richness in the coastal fauna of ecosystems other than coral reefs. This data is critically needed for fauna with low functional redundancy like that of mangroves, that are vulnerable to habitat loss and rising sea levels. Here we show that the diversity of mangrove fauna is characterized by two distinct hotspots in the Indo-West Pacific, associated with two habitat types: fringe mangroves in the Coral Triangle, and riverine mangroves in the Strait of Malacca, between the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. This finding, based on a family of slugs of which the systematics has been completely revised, illustrates an unexpected biogeographic pattern that emerged only after this taxon was studied intensively. Most organisms that live in the mangrove forests of Southeast Asia remain poorly known both taxonomically and ecologically, and the hotspot of diversity of onchidiid slugs in the riverine mangroves of the Strait of Malacca indicates that further biodiversity studies are needed to support effective conservation of mangrove biodiversity.
“…Globally, the highest species diversity of onchidiid slugs occurs in the Indo-West Pacific, where they have diversified mostly in mangroves, compared to very low diversity in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Eastern Pacific (Fig. 2 A), where species are most commonly found in the rocky intertidal 46 . There is a steep cline in onchidiid species richness with distance from the Indo-Malay Archipelago, with low diversity on islands in the central Pacific and the western Indian Ocean, which is similar to the cline in mangrove plant diversity 63 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 2 ( A ) Map of onchidiid species richness globally. Maps are based on GIS analysis of geographic distributions published in a series of taxonomic revisions 46 , 50 – 62 . ( B ) Focus on species richness of onchidiids in Southeast Asia.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Anatomically, onchidiid species display little variation between species, but species from different habitats (rocky intertidal vs. mangroves) and from different mangrove microhabitats (mud surface, tree roots and bark, etc.) are characterized by an intestine of different length, which is likely associated with the amount of time needed to extract nutrients from food mixed with different substrates 46 . Onchidiid species may also vary in developmental mode, with some species hatching from egg capsules and others developing through planktonic larvae, but this is known only in a few species, and it has been unclear how the biogeographic patterns in these intertidal slugs compare to other marine invertebrates 47 – 49 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Onchidiid species may also vary in developmental mode, with some species hatching from egg capsules and others developing through planktonic larvae, but this is known only in a few species, and it has been unclear how the biogeographic patterns in these intertidal slugs compare to other marine invertebrates 47 – 49 . The slugs of the family Onchidiidae are an ideal case study to investigate patterns of species diversity and distribution outside coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific because this family has diversified in mangroves and rocky shores, and its systematics has recently been completely revised taxonomically and phylogenetically 46 , 50 – 62 . Onchidiid species diversity has been investigated based on even sampling effort by the authors worldwide and most especially across the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii and from Japan to southeastern Australia.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, each species was studied through a combination of DNA sequences and comparative anatomy to reveal any cryptic diversity. This revisionary work culminated in the description of six new genera and 25 new species representing 50% of the known species diversity in the Indo-West Pacific 46 , 50 – 62 .…”
Knowledge of the biogeography of marine taxa has lagged significantly behind terrestrial ecosystems. A hotspot of marine biodiversity associated with coral reefs is known in the Coral Triangle of the Indo-West Pacific, but until now there was little data with which to evaluate broad patterns of species richness in the coastal fauna of ecosystems other than coral reefs. This data is critically needed for fauna with low functional redundancy like that of mangroves, that are vulnerable to habitat loss and rising sea levels. Here we show that the diversity of mangrove fauna is characterized by two distinct hotspots in the Indo-West Pacific, associated with two habitat types: fringe mangroves in the Coral Triangle, and riverine mangroves in the Strait of Malacca, between the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. This finding, based on a family of slugs of which the systematics has been completely revised, illustrates an unexpected biogeographic pattern that emerged only after this taxon was studied intensively. Most organisms that live in the mangrove forests of Southeast Asia remain poorly known both taxonomically and ecologically, and the hotspot of diversity of onchidiid slugs in the riverine mangroves of the Strait of Malacca indicates that further biodiversity studies are needed to support effective conservation of mangrove biodiversity.
Evolutionary transitions from water to land are infrequent. The physical contrasts between these media are amplified by biological differences in the patterns of selection. A new compilation, based on published phylogenetic and fossil evidence, identifies 30 separate instances of terrestrial colonization by gastropods, at least 12 from the sea and 14 from freshwater. Pre-Cenozoic transitions, mainly from freshwater and all tropical, resulted in high terrestrial diversity. Most Cenozoic colonizations were local, especially on oceanic islands, and yielded few terrestrial species. An increasingly predator-rich terrestrial environment after the Cretaceous made colonization on land unlikely except in cryptic habitats and on islands. Colonization from the sea became possible only in the Cenozoic, when marine lineages became specialized for life on the upper seashore. The results are compared with terrestrial colonizations by other groups of plants and animals.
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