Global distribution patterns of Caligus Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae) associated to teleost fishes, with physiological and histopathological data and description of treatment strategies
Abstract:This review surveyed information on Caligus Müller, 1785 to identify global infestation patterns and geographic distribution in teleost fishes, as well as physiological and histopathological data and description of treatment strategies. A total 990 samples of Caligus spp. (N = 212 species) obtained of 233 scientific papers on farmed and wild teleost species from 99 families and 30 orders were used, and the highest number of occurrences was on Carangidae. Caligus spp. was predominantly found in marine environme… Show more
“…by heavy C. clemensi infestations, with mortality rates reaching 30% -comparable to epizootics induced by other Caligus spp infecting susceptible aquaculture stocks globally [39]. Extreme proliferation with loads exceeding 50 lice per fish emphasizes C. clemensi possesses highly invasive attributes that could profoundly impact regional aquaculture sustainability if left unchecked [40].…”
detailed an investigation into parasitic and bacterial co-infections that caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed thin-lipped grey mullet (Liza ramada) and keeled mullet (Liza carinata) populations. Examination revealed heavy infestations of the copepod parasite Caligus clemensi in the buccal cavity, gills, and skin. Morphological identification of C. clemensi was confirmed through genetic analysis using 18S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The postmortem examinations revealed internal signs of disease, including liver enlargement, hemorrhages, and ascites, while histopathology demonstrated severe destruction of gill tissues associated with the parasite infection. Bacterial cultures isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the cause of secondary bacterial infections, which was further characterized phenotypically and identified through recA gene sequencing. Concerningly, high rates of antibiotic resistance were detected among the V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Therapeutic prolonged baths with Virocid® disinfectant followed by probiotic treatment with Sanolife Pro-W® effectively cleared the parasite infections, resolved secondary bacterial infections, and improved fish survival rates. In summary, heavy parasite burdens of C. clemensi coupled with multiple antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus infections, were identified as the primary causes of mullet mortalities. The integrated therapy effectively managed aquaculture outbreaks, providing an alternative to excessive chemical pesticides or antibiotics by eliminating parasitic infestations and controlling secondary vibriosis.
“…by heavy C. clemensi infestations, with mortality rates reaching 30% -comparable to epizootics induced by other Caligus spp infecting susceptible aquaculture stocks globally [39]. Extreme proliferation with loads exceeding 50 lice per fish emphasizes C. clemensi possesses highly invasive attributes that could profoundly impact regional aquaculture sustainability if left unchecked [40].…”
detailed an investigation into parasitic and bacterial co-infections that caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed thin-lipped grey mullet (Liza ramada) and keeled mullet (Liza carinata) populations. Examination revealed heavy infestations of the copepod parasite Caligus clemensi in the buccal cavity, gills, and skin. Morphological identification of C. clemensi was confirmed through genetic analysis using 18S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The postmortem examinations revealed internal signs of disease, including liver enlargement, hemorrhages, and ascites, while histopathology demonstrated severe destruction of gill tissues associated with the parasite infection. Bacterial cultures isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the cause of secondary bacterial infections, which was further characterized phenotypically and identified through recA gene sequencing. Concerningly, high rates of antibiotic resistance were detected among the V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Therapeutic prolonged baths with Virocid® disinfectant followed by probiotic treatment with Sanolife Pro-W® effectively cleared the parasite infections, resolved secondary bacterial infections, and improved fish survival rates. In summary, heavy parasite burdens of C. clemensi coupled with multiple antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus infections, were identified as the primary causes of mullet mortalities. The integrated therapy effectively managed aquaculture outbreaks, providing an alternative to excessive chemical pesticides or antibiotics by eliminating parasitic infestations and controlling secondary vibriosis.
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