Global Distribution, Host Range and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Vivax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. T. vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has acquired the ability to be also transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. Methods The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely Pubmed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosome vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. Result The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232,6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%).Conclusion The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.

Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China

“…Earlier studies have examined the infestation rates of C. titillator in dromedary camels from some countries in the Middle East [18][19][20]. However, the limited information is available on the epidemiological characteristics of parasitic infestations [12], especially myiasis, in Bactrian camels owing to their geographical distribution and late understanding of economic application value [21]. Some parasites have been reported to affect health and productivity of Bactrian camels, including the presence of intestinal parasites and ectoparasite (e.g., Giardia duodenalis [22], Nematodirus SP.…”

Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

“…Despite Trypanosoma spp. being one of the most common hemoparasite genera in wildlife [83][84][85][86] and its repeated identification in multiple sloth species [3,54,[87][88][89], we identified it only in C. hoffmanni. For microfilaria species, they were previously reported in M. niger and N. nasua.…”

History of Trypanosomosis in the One-Humped Camel and Development of its Treatment and Cure, with Special Reference to Sudan

“…Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis including T. vivax and T. congolense is cyclical, requiring a period of maturation in the fly before it can again become infective in the animal host whereas in T. evansi there is no development stage in the vector and in some cases T. vivax can also be transmitted mechanically by tabanid flies. [13][14][15] 'Surra' is seasonal in its occurrence except in riverine or flooded areas, and is associated with an increase in biting fly numbers during rainy periods. The disease affects all ages of the camel but immature, stressed and lactating animals are more susceptible than other categories of stock.…”