Abstract:At far-field coasts the largest tsunami waves may occur many hours post-arrival, and hazardous waves may persist for more than 1 day. Such tsunamis are often simulated by nesting high-resolution nonlinear shallow water models (covering sites of interest) within low-resolution reduced-physics global-scale models (to efficiently simulate propagation). These global models often ignore friction and are mathematically energy conservative, so in theory the modeled tsunami will persist indefinitely. In contrast, real… Show more
“…The tsunami is largest overall in south-eastern Australia and nearby offshore islands. The relatively dense observations in south-eastern Australia show significant tsunami size variability, consistent with observations of other tsunamis on this coast 12 , reflecting complex interactions of the tsunami with the variable coastal morphology. Fig.…”
Section: Technical Validationsupporting
confidence: 86%
“…3 ). The high-pass filter was identical to that used for the MSLP data but with a 3-hour threshold to match a previous study of tsunamis in Australia 12 . Visual inspection highlighted errors in seven time series, including localised spikes, spurious constant data, unrealistic high-frequency noise, or too many data gaps to usefully record the sea level.…”
On January 15, 2022, an ongoing eruption at the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai volcano generated a large explosion which resulted in a globally observed tsunami and atmospheric pressure wave. This paper presents time series observations of the event from Australia including 503 mean sea level pressure (MSLP) sensors and 103 tide gauges. Data is provided in its original format, which varies between data providers, and a post-processed format with consistent file structure and time zone. High-pass filtered variants of the data are also provided to facilitate study of the pressure wave and tsunami. For a minority of tide gauges the raw sea level data cannot be provided, due to licence restrictions, but high-pass filtered data is always provided. The data provides an important historical record of the volcanic pressure wave and tsunami in Australia. It will be useful for research on atmospheric and ocean waves associated with large volcanic eruptions.
“…The tsunami is largest overall in south-eastern Australia and nearby offshore islands. The relatively dense observations in south-eastern Australia show significant tsunami size variability, consistent with observations of other tsunamis on this coast 12 , reflecting complex interactions of the tsunami with the variable coastal morphology. Fig.…”
Section: Technical Validationsupporting
confidence: 86%
“…3 ). The high-pass filter was identical to that used for the MSLP data but with a 3-hour threshold to match a previous study of tsunamis in Australia 12 . Visual inspection highlighted errors in seven time series, including localised spikes, spurious constant data, unrealistic high-frequency noise, or too many data gaps to usefully record the sea level.…”
On January 15, 2022, an ongoing eruption at the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai volcano generated a large explosion which resulted in a globally observed tsunami and atmospheric pressure wave. This paper presents time series observations of the event from Australia including 503 mean sea level pressure (MSLP) sensors and 103 tide gauges. Data is provided in its original format, which varies between data providers, and a post-processed format with consistent file structure and time zone. High-pass filtered variants of the data are also provided to facilitate study of the pressure wave and tsunami. For a minority of tide gauges the raw sea level data cannot be provided, due to licence restrictions, but high-pass filtered data is always provided. The data provides an important historical record of the volcanic pressure wave and tsunami in Australia. It will be useful for research on atmospheric and ocean waves associated with large volcanic eruptions.
“…Another purpose of this study is to search for the origin of the law. The frictional forces may play an important role in tsunami coda wave decay 10),11), 13) . The dispersive terms may have the effect of lengthening their wavelengths.…”
Temporal and spatial variations in tsunami coda waves in medium-to long-term decay processes were investigated based on theoretical analysis and observations. In this paper, medium-and long-term were defined as approximately ≤ ≤ 2 and ≥ 2 , respectively, where t is elapsed time from the earthquake origin time, and τ is the coda energy e-folding decay time. In the medium-to long-term decay processes, the energy and amplitude of tsunami coda waves may become small so that the energy dissipation due to turbulent friction can be negligible compared to the directional spectrum of coda waves. It was found that the energy balance equation without dissipation for the directional spectrum, ( , ), should be approximately satisfied in a quasi-steady state, and the quantity ( , ) should hold for any two points, where and are the wave phase speed and group velocity, respectively. The latter relationship indicates the inverse proportion of the tsunami coda energy to the water depth, and the similarity of the frequency spectrum of coda waves between any two points. The water depth dependency of tsunami coda was confirmed over a wide frequency range by using the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami data. However, the tsunami coda energy with periods of 30-70 min did not follow the ℎ law, because continental seiche and edge waves were generated at Kochi, and the amplitude of tsunami coda waves at other stations did not show exponential decay in time. The estimated frequency spectra of coda waves at depths larger than 100 m were found to be inversely proportional to frequency squared, , for a wide frequency range. The law of frequency spectrum was theoretically derived by using linear shallow water equations with linear friction and dispersion terms. The effects of linear friction and dispersion on the frequency spectrum were deduced from the spectral solutions.
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