Global Data Center Energy Demand and Strategies to Conserve Energy

Lei, Nuoa; Masanet, Eric

doi:10.1002/9781119597537.ch2

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The quotient of "simple patent families matches" a to "all patent publications matches" b . 1 Search logic: ab all "data cent*".…”

Section: Analysis and Discussion Of The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data centers form the infrastructural backbone for digitization. Without them, our increasingly interconnected world and the demand for communication services, storage and data processing would not be feasible [1]. Sufficient electrical power is required for their reliable and powerful operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Overview of the text sections used in the search logic and their function: ab: Abstract, desc: Description, ta: Title or abstract, ti: Title[47].2 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cooling Technologies in the Data Center Sector on the Basis of Patent Applications

Ott,

Wenzel,

Radgen

2024

Preprint

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The cooling of server components has been continuously developed over the past few years in order to meet the increasing cooling requirements of server component manufacturers such as for the processor chips. The growth in performance and power density increases the cooling demand. These requirements directly influence the energy consumption and performance of the hardware. To gain a better understanding of the historical evolution and possible future technology development paths in the field of data center cooling, a patent analysis method was used. The focus is on previous and current development priorities and possible research gaps within the server and computer room levels. The European patent database was selected as data source. To determine relevant patents, the search terms for various cooling technologies were developed iteratively. After the patent extraction for the period 2000 - 2023 (earliest priority year), the search results were classified and analysed. Most of the patents deal with air or liquid cooling. In the area of liquid cooling, the focus was on direct liquid cooling, followed by total liquid cooling. Since 2015 a technological shift from air to liquid cooling can be identified on the level of patent activities. In this context, the patent groups with focus on “constructional details for different types of electric apparatus” and “electrical digital data processing” have the largest share of patents. In addition, the technology focus of the TOP 10 patent applicants was in the field of liquid cooling. In conclusion from the patent analysis, it can be derived that liquid cooling will continue to gain in importance in the future and could also be combined with other approaches in the form of hybrid cooling. However air cooling may still be relevant, even if the main cooling load is handled by liquid-based approaches. At the same time, the optimisation potential for air cooling seems to have been largely exploited in comparison to liquid cooling, as can be seen from the falling number of the patent applications.

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“…The quotient of "simple patent families matches" a to "all patent publications matches" b . 1 Search logic: ab all "data cent*".…”

Section: Analysis and Discussion Of The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Cooling Technologies in the Data Center Sector on the Basis of Patent Applications

Ott,

Wenzel,

Radgen

2024

Preprint

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“…Although this study focused on U.S. DCs, it could be easily extended to other regions with the relevant meteorological data. The proposed modeling framework can be a valuable tool for DC multi-objective resource use optimization through energy-and water-efficient facility system management (Lei and Masanet, 2021). It could also provide granular data to further investigate the environmental benefits of DC workload mitigation/shifting (Lei et al, 2021a;Zheng et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate- and Technology-Specific PUE and WUE Predictions for U.S. Data Centers using a Physics-Based Approach

Lei¹,

Masanet²

2021

Preprint

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The onsite water use of data centers (DCs) is becoming an increasingly important consideration within the policy and energy analysis communities, but has heretofore been difficult to quantify in macro-level DC energy models due to lack of reported water usage effectiveness (WUE) values by DC operators. This work addresses this important knowledge gap by presenting thermodynamically-compatible power usage effectiveness (PUE) and WUE values for a wide range of U.S. DC archetypes and climate zones, using a physics-based model that is validated with real-world data. Results enable energy analysts to more accurately analyze the onsite energy and water use of DCs by size class, cooling system type, and climate zone under many different operating conditions including operational setpoints. Sensitivity analyses further identify the variables leading to best-achievable PUE and WUE values by climate zone and cooling system type—including operational set points, use of free cooling, and cooling tower equipment and operational factors—which can support DC water- and energy-efficiency policy initiatives. The consistent PUE and WUE values may also be used in future work to quantify the indirect water use of DCs occurring in electrical power generating systems.

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“…PUE and WUE Site respectively represents a DC's onsite electricity and water use per kilowatt-hour of IT equipment electricity use, while WCF is defined as the freshwater consumption per kilowatt-hour of electricity used by the DC. These factors can vary significantly by geographical location due to the diverse climates and variations in power generation technology implementations across the U.S. [5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geospatial assessment of water footprints for hyperscale data centers in the United States

Lei,

Lu,

Cheng

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The sustainability of water usage in data centers is of growing importance considering rapid digitalization and environmental constraints on freshwater resources. However, the water footprint of data centers remains understudied, posing challenges to achieving sustainable data center operations. In this study, we assessed the water footprint of hyperscale data centers in the U.S. and identified major drivers of water use in data centers. Our findings offer valuable insights for designing water-efficient data centers, implementing sustainable practices, and formulating effective policies and technology incentives.

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Global Data Center Energy Demand and Strategies to Conserve Energy

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of Cooling Technologies in the Data Center Sector on the Basis of Patent Applications

Analysis of Cooling Technologies in the Data Center Sector on the Basis of Patent Applications

Climate- and Technology-Specific PUE and WUE Predictions for U.S. Data Centers using a Physics-Based Approach

Geospatial assessment of water footprints for hyperscale data centers in the United States

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